edとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (in verbs, past participles, and some denominal adjectives):
  • (after a vowel or a voiced consonant other than a /d/) enPR: d, IPA: /d/
  • (after a voiceless consonant other than a /t/) enPR: t, IPA: /t/
  • (after a /d/ or /t/) same as below
• (other denominal adjectives, archaic or poetic elsewhere):
  • (英国発音) enPR: ĭd, IPA: /ɪd/
  • (米国発音) enPR: ĭd, IPA: /ɪd/ or enPR: əd, IPA: /əd/
  • (General Australian) enPR: əd, IPA: /əd/

語源 1

From 中期英語 -ede, -ed. During the 中期英語 period, this increasingly standard -ed ending largely absorbed the class 1 weak past ending (-de) through morphological leveling. However, many class 1 verbs resisted this leveling to become modern irregular verbs (such as kept and left). This resistance was driven by phonotactics: attaching the consonant suffix directly to the stem often triggered pre-cluster vowel shortening (and consonant devoicing) in Early 中期英語, creating a stark vowel alternation between the present and past tense that anchored the irregular form. Conversely, verbs that lacked this stark alternation (such as deem, where the early past tense demde remained insufficiently distinct from the present stem) were highly vulnerable to leveling, adopting the syllabic -ed to ensure the past tense was clearly marked. In modern usage, this morphological leveling has proceeded further in American English than in British English, which frequently preserves the irregular -t variant for such verbs.

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Dutch -d (“-ed”), German -t (“-ed”), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).

接尾辞

-ed

1. Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant.

   ‎live + ‎-ed → ‎lived

   Once upon a time a little princess lived with her mother in a lonely castle.

   Jose phoned five minutes ago.

語源 2

From 中期英語 -ed, from the merger of 古期英語 -od (class 2 weak past participle) and -ed (class 1 weak past participle), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz and *-idaz respectively. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ed.

接尾辞

-ed

1. Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants.

   ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

   He has pointed at the dog.

   There's the abandoned mineshaft.

   Refused entry to the club, I walked back home.

語源 3

From 中期英語 -ed, from 古期英語 -od (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Cognate with Latin -ātus (whence also a doublet -ate), Proto-Slavic *-atъ.

接尾辞

-ed

1. Used to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun.

   Antonym: -less

   ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

   ‎horn + ‎-ed → ‎horned

   ‎hoof + ‎-ed → ‎hooved

   ‎chagrin + ‎-ed → ‎chagrined

2. As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs.

   ‎red + ‎hair + ‎-ed → ‎red-haired

   ‎left + ‎hand + ‎-ed → ‎left-handed

   ‎two + ‎prong(s) + ‎-ed → ‎two-pronged

派生語

参考

• -t
• -ing

アナグラム

• de-, D&E, dE, DE, de, De

語源 1

接尾辞

-ed

1. Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs

   ‎fremman (“to perform”) + ‎-ed → ‎fremed (“performed”)

語源 2

接尾辞

-ed

1. alternative form of -od

   ‎æppel (“apple”) + ‎-ed → ‎æppled (“apple-shaped”)

別の表記

• -ede, -et, -it, -t

発音

• IPA: /-əd/

接尾辞

-ed

1. Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -ede
2. (chiefly Early Middle English) Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -de

派生した語

• English: -ed
• Middle Scots: -it
  • Scots: -it, -ed

参照

• “-(e)d, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

語源 2

接尾辞

-ed

1. alternative form of -ede

語源 3

接尾辞

-ed

1. alternative form of -hede

参考

アナグラム

• de-, D&E, dE, DE, de, De

名詞

ED (countable and uncountable, plural EDs)

1. Initialism of erectile dysfunction.
   • 2024 November 16, Kristen Holmes, Lauren Fox, Pamela Brown, Jamie Gangel and Steve Contorno, “Trump is determined to see Gaetz confirmed as AG despite controversies”, in CNN‎:

     “He’d brag about how he would crush ED medicine and chase it with an energy drink so he could go all night,” Mullin said.

2. Initialism of emergency department.

   Synonyms: A&E, ER

3. Initialism of elimination diet.
4. Initialism of eating disorder.
5. (television) Initialism of enhanced definition.

派生語

成句

ED

1. (cartography) Initialism of existence doubtful.

   Coordinate term: PD

固有名詞

ED

1. (US) Initialism of Education Department.

   Synonym: DOE (proscribed)

使用する際の注意点

• The United States Government reserves DOE for the Department of Energy and uses ED as the abbreviation for the Department of Education.

語源 2

Borrowed from Japanese ED(エンディング) (endingu), from English ending.

名詞

ED (usually uncountable, plural EDs)

1. (film, television) Abbreviation of ending theme (end title sequence).

   Coordinate term: OP

アナグラム

• de-, D&E, dE, DE, de, De