tusとは 意味・読み方・使い方

名詞

tūs n (genitive tūris); third declension

1. Alternative spelling of thūs

語形変化

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪us]

接尾辞

-tus (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second-declension suffix

2. Forms the past participle of verbs.
4. Forms adjectives having the sense "provided with".

   iūs (“law, legality; equity, the right, justice”) → iūstus (“lawful, legal; equitable, rightful, just”)

   onus (“a burden または load, especially one excessive in magnitude”) → onustus (“burdened”, “heavily laden”, “overencumbered by a load”)

使用する際の注意点

Verb stems may be modified by the attachment of this suffix in certain predictable or unpredictable ways:

• Stem-final b and g are regularly devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel directly followed by g, this vowel is usually lengthened (due to Lachmann's Law) but sometimes remains short (especially after the high vowel i, as in cōnstrictus from cōnstringō または fictus from fingō).

  ‎agō (“lead”) + ‎-tus → ‎āctus

  ‎scrībō (“write”) + ‎-tus → ‎scrīptus

• Stem-final qu is delabialised, giving c. Likewise, stem-final ngu is delabialized to nc.

  ‎coquō (“cook”) + ‎-tus → ‎coctus

  ‎exstinguō (“extinguish”) + ‎-tus → ‎exstīnctus

• Stem-final v either merges with the preceding vowel (yielding the diphthong au in the case of -av-, または the long vowels ō かつ ū in the case of -ov- かつ -uv-/-u-) or is replaced with c. These are the expected outcomes of the distinct Proto-Italic consonants *w and *gʷ, respectively, which merged between vowels in Latin as -v-. However, Latin c in this context does not always descend from original Proto-Italic *gʷ, because analogical changes took place after the merger and affected the distribution of c.

  ‎caveō (“beware”) + ‎-tus → ‎cautus

  ‎voveō (“vow”) + ‎-tus → ‎vōtus

  ‎iuvō (“aid”) + ‎-tus → ‎iūtus

  ‎vīvō (“live”) + ‎-tus → ‎vīctus

  ‎solvō (“untie,set free,separate”) + ‎-tus → ‎solūtus

• Stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is simplified to -sus if not preceded by a short vowel. Similarly to g-final stems, d-final stems sometimes (but not always) have lengthened vowels in the past participle due to Lachmann's Law.

  ‎cadō (“fall”) + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus

• Stem-final rg also fuses with the t, giving -rsus.

  ‎mergō (“plunge”) + ‎-tus → ‎mersus

  ‎tergeō (“rub, cleanse”) + ‎-tus → ‎tersus

• Stem final ll or rr sometimes fuses with the t, to -lsus and -rsus respectively.

  ‎currō (“run”) + ‎-tus → ‎cursus

• When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the long vowel at the end of the present stem may be either retained unchanged, replaced by short -i-, or dropped entirely. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes short i for many 2nd conjugation verbs:

1. ‎errō (errā-) (“wander”) + ‎-tus → ‎errātus , ‎audiō (audī-) (“hear”) + ‎-tus → ‎audītus
2. ‎moneō (monē-) (“advise,remind”) + ‎-tus → ‎monitus
3. ‎augeō (augē-) (“increase”) + ‎-tus → ‎auctus

Noun stems generally do not exhibit these modifications; there are some adjectives ending in -stus that originate from s-stem nouns, such as onustus, scelestus, but overall the suffix is rarely found attached directly to a consonant-final noun stem. Most derivatives in -tus from nouns include a long vowel before the -t-, which may in some cases originate partly or wholly from the final vowel of the stem (for example, barbātus from barba かつ aurītus from auris^[1]), but which at least eventually was subject to reanalysis as part of the suffix; see -ātus, -ītus, -ūtus.

語形変化

First/second-declension adjective.

派生語

語源 2

From Proto-Italic *-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).

Compare Proto-Germanic *-þuz, Ancient Greek -τύς (-tús), Proto-Slavic *-tu (whence Czech -tí).

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪us]

接尾辞

-tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension

2. Forms action nouns from verbs.

   ‎cadō + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus

   ‎habeō (“I have, possess, have on, carry, wear”) + ‎-tus → ‎habitus (“a state または condition of being, physical character, demeanour, style of dress”)

   ‎sūmō (“I spend [time, effort, money, etc.]”) + ‎-tus → ‎sūmptus (“expenditure”)

使用する際の注意点

The verb stem undergoes the same modifications as for the participle suffix; see -sus.

語形変化

Fourth-declension noun.

派生語

語源 3

From Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (abstract-noun forming suffix). Compare Proto-Celtic *-tūss, Gothic -�������� (-dūþs). See -tās.

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /tuːs/, [t̪uːs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪us]

接尾辞

-tūs f (genitive -tūtis); third declension

2. Forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives or other nouns.

   iuvenis (“young, a young man”) → iuventūs (“the young, young men collectively; the period または qualities of youthful manhood, youth”)

   senex (“an old man”) → senectūs (“old men collectively; the period または condition of old age”)

使用する際の注意点

Same as for the participle suffix.

語形変化

Third-declension noun.

派生語

語源 4

From Proto-Italic *-tos. Compare Ancient Greek -τός (-tós), found in the adverb ἐντός (entós, “within”), and Sanskrit -तस् (-tas), found as an ablatival ending in अतस् (átas), अग्रतस् (agratás).^[2]

別の表記

• -itus

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪us]

接尾辞

-tus (not comparable)

2. -ly; used to form adverbs.

同意語

• (-ly): -ē, -ter, -ō

参考

参照

• “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
• “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
• “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)