neuterとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Inherited from Middle English neutre, from Latin neuter, from ne (“not”) +‎ uter (“whether”), a semantic loan from Koine Greek οὐδέτερος (oudéteros); compare English whether and neither.

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /ˈnjuːtə/
• (米国発音) IPA^(key): /ˈn(j)utɚ/
• 韻: -uːtə(ɹ)

形容詞

neuter (not generally comparable, comparative more neuter, superlative most neuter)

1. (now uncommon) Neutral; on neither side; neither one thing nor another.

   Synonyms: impartial, neutral

   • 1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene 3]:

     But if I could, by Him that gave me life,
     I would attach you all and make you stoop
     Unto the sovereign mercy of the king;
     But since I cannot, be it known to you
     I do remain as neuter.

   • 1672, Robert South, “A Sermon Preach’d at Westminster-Abbey, on the Twenty Ninth of May, 1672. Being the Anniversary Festival appointed by Act of Parliament, for the Happy Restoration of King Charles II,” in Twelve Sermons and Discourses on Several Subjects and Occasions, London: Jonah Bowyer, 1727, 6th edition, Volume 5, page 271,^[1]

     This is certain, that in all our Undertakings God will be either our Friend or our Enemy. For Providence never stands neuter […]

   • 1724, Charles Johnson, “Of Captain Avery, and His Crew”, in A General History of the Pyrates, […], 2nd edition, London: Printed for, and sold by T. Warner, […], →OCLC, pages 59-60:

     [A]s their firſt Security, they did all they could to foment War betwixt the neighbouring Negroes, remaining Neuter themselves, by which Means, thoſe who were overcome conſtantly fled to them for Protection, otherwiſe they must be either killed or made Slaves.

   • 1973, Nancy Frazier, Myra Sadker, Sexism in school and society:

     A relay race that does not match teams but integrates the fastest and the slowest in one race against the most neuter of all adversaries — time.

2. (grammar) Having a form which is not masculine nor feminine; or having a form which is not of common gender.

   a neuter noun

   the neuter definite article

   a neuter termination

   the neuter gender

3. (grammar) Intransitive.

   Synonym: intransitive

   a neuter verb

4. (biology) Sexless: having no or imperfectly developed sex organs.
   • 1859 November 24, Charles Darwin, chapter 7, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, […], London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 242:

     […] I should never have anticipated that natural selection could have been efficient in so high a degree, had not the case of these neuter insects convinced me of the fact.

5. (literary) Sexless, nonsexual.
   • 2000, Jan Hutson, The Chicken Ranch: The True Story of the Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, →ISBN, page 30:

     Rich girls stayed home and got married and then "put out" occasionally, but only as their wifely duty. Prior to the sexual revolution in the 1960s southern belles were the most neuter members of the human race[.]

同意語

• (biological): see sexless, genderless

等位語

• (grammar): masculine, feminine

名詞

neuter (複数形 neuters)

1. (biology) An organism, either vegetable or animal, which at its maturity has no generative organs, or but imperfectly developed ones, as a plant without stamens or pistils, as the garden Hydrangea; especially, one of the imperfectly developed females of certain social insects, as of the ant and the common honeybee, which perform the labors of the community, and are called workers.
2. A person who takes no part in a contest; someone remaining neutral.
   • 1571, Arthur Golding, The Psalmes of David and others. With M. John Calvins Commentaries, “Epistle Dedicatorie,”^[2]

     But if you should beecome eyther a counterfayt Protestant, or a perverse Papist, or a colde and carelesse newter (which God forbid) the harme could not be expressed which you should do to your native Cuntrie.

   • 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition I, section 2, member 4, subsection iv:

     Friends, neuters, enemies, all are as one, to make a fool a madman is their sport […].

3. (grammar) The neuter gender.
4. (grammar) A noun of the neuter gender; any one of those words which have the terminations usually found in neuter words.
5. (grammar) An intransitive verb or state-of-being verb.
   • 1820, M. Santagnello, A Dictionary of the Peculiarities of the Italian Language, G. and W. B. Whittaker, page 185:

     Make one do, or act (to), fare fare, fare agire, with an accusative when the verb is a neuter, and with a dative when otherwise.

   • 1847, Brian Houghton Hodgson, Essay the First; On the Kocch, Bódo and Dhimál Tribes, in Three Parts, J. Thomas, page 119:

     Compound verbs other than those already spoken of whereby neuters are made active, are very rare, as I have already hinted under the head of nouns.

   • 1971, Harry Hoijer, “Athapaskan Morphology”, in Jesse O. Sawyer (editor), Studies in American Indian Languages, University of California Press (1973), →ISBN, page 130:

     In all the Apachean languages, verbs are divided into two major categories, neuters and actives, each of which may be further divided into intransitives, transitives, and passives.

引用

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:neuter.

等位語

• (grammar, gender/noun): masculine, feminine

動詞

neuter (三人称単数 現在形 neuters, 現在分詞 neutering, 過去形および過去分詞形 neutered)

1. To remove sex organs from an animal to prevent it from having offspring; to castrate or spay, particularly as applied to domestic animals.
2. To rid of sexuality.
   • 2012 June 26, Genevieve Koski, “Music: Reviews: Justin Bieber: Believe”, in The Onion AV Club‎^[3]:

     The neutering extends to Believe’s guest stars, with warm-and-fuzzy verses from Ludacris (“I love everything about you / You’re imperfectly perfect”), Big Sean (“I don’t know if this makes sense, but you’re my hallelujah”), Nicki Minaj (who at least squeaks a “bitches” into her verse), and especially Drake, whose desire to hug and kiss the object of his affection on “Right Here” is reminiscent of The Red Hot Chili Peppers on Krusty’s Comeback Special.

3. To drastically reduce the effectiveness of something.

   Congress neutered the bill by adding an exception for big corporations.

   • 1974, John Boorman, Zardoz, London: Pan Books, page 51:

     Here wrangling, bitty conflicts neutered change.

同意語

• castrate, desex, doctor, fix, spay

アナグラム

• retune, run tee, tenure, tureen, untree

Latin

語源

From ne (“not”) +‎ uter (“either”). In the grammatical sense, a semantic loan from Koine Greek οὐδέτερος (oudéteros), from οὐδέ (oudé, “not”) +‎ ἕτερος (héteros, “one or the other (of two)”).

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈne.u.ter/, [ˈneʊt̪ɛr]
• (Late Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈneu̯.ter/, [ˈnɛu̯t̪ɛr]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈneu̯.ter/, [ˈnɛːu̯t̪er]
• Note: always trisyllabic in Classical, often disyllabic in Late Latin.^[1][2][3]

形容詞

neuter (feminine neutra, neuter neutrum); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine 単数形 in -er, pronominal)

1. neither
   • Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I, 2:

     Neutra acies laeta ex eo certamine abiit

     Neither army went off rejoicing from that battle

2. (grammar) neuter (gender)
3. (grammar) neuter, intransitive (of a verb)

使用する際の注意点

• In the grammatical senses, the declension of this adjective is not pronominal, but attributive (regular). Thus for the sense of the grammatical category of "neuter gender", the genitive is neutrī (generis), and the dative is neutrō (generī).

語形変化

First/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine 単数形 in -er, pronominal).

派生語

• neutrō

派生した語

• Friulian: neutri
• Italian: neutro
• Romanian: neutru
• Piedmontese: nèutr

参照

• “neuter”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “neuter”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• neuter in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[4], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • this word is neuter: hoc vocabulum generis neutri (not neutrius) est)
    
  • to be neutral: nullius or neutrius (of two) partis esse
    
  • to be neutral: in neutris partibus esse
    
  • to be neutral: neutram partem sequi