baseとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English base, bas, baas, from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis). Doublet of basis.

名詞

base (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 bases)

1. Something from which other things extend; a foundation.
   1. A supporting, lower or bottom component of a structure or object.
      • 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 14, in The China Governess‎^[1]:

        Nanny Broome was looking up at the outer wall. Just under the ceiling there were three lunette windows, heavily barred and blacked out in the normal way by centuries of grime. Their bases were on a level with the pavement outside, a narrow way which was several feet lower than the road behind the house.

2. The starting point of a logical deduction or thought; basis.
3. A permanent structure for housing military personnel and material.
4. The place where decisions for an organization are made; headquarters.
5. (cooking, painting, pharmacy) A basic but essential component or ingredient.
6. A substance used as a mordant in dyeing^[1].
7. (cosmetics) Foundation: a cosmetic cream to make the face appear uniform.
8. (chemistry) Any of a class of generally water-soluble compounds, having bitter taste, that turn red litmus blue, and react with acids to form salts.
9. Important areas in games and sports.
   1. A safe zone in the children's games of tag and hide-and-go-seek.
   3. (baseball) One of the four places that a runner can stand without being subject to being tagged out when the ball is in play.
10. (architecture) The lowermost part of a column, between the shaft and the pedestal or pavement.
11. (biology, biochemistry) A nucleotide's nucleobase in the context of a DNA or RNA biopolymer.
12. (botany) The end of a leaf, petal or similar organ where it is attached to its support.
13. (electronics) The name of the controlling terminal of a bipolar transistor (BJT).
14. (geometry) The lowest side of a triangle or other polygon, or the lowest face of a cone, pyramid or other polyhedron laid flat.
15. (heraldry) The lowest third of a shield or escutcheon.
16. (heraldry) The lower part of the field. See escutcheon.
17. (mathematics) A number raised to the power of an exponent.

    The logarithm to base 2 of 8 is 3.

18. (mathematics) Synonym of radix.
19. (topology) The set of sets from which a topology is generated.
20. (topology) A topological space, looked at in relation to one of its covering spaces, fibrations, or bundles.
21. (group theory) A sequence of elements not jointly stabilized by any nontrivial group element.
22. (acrobatics, cheerleading) In hand-to-hand balance, the person who supports the flyer; the person that remains in contact with the ground.
23. (linguistics) A morpheme (または morphemes) that serves as a basic foundation on which affixes can be attached.
24. (music) Dated form of bass.
    • 1709, J[ohn] Dryden; J[ohn] Oldham, “(please specify the page)”, in Mac Flecknoe: A Poem. […] With Spencer’s Ghost: Being a Satyr Concerning Poetry. […], London: […] H[enry] Hills, […], →OCLC:

      The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar.

25. (military, historical) The smallest kind of cannon.
26. (archaic) The housing of a horse.
27. (historical, sometimes in the plural) A kind of skirt (often of velvet または brocade, but sometimes of mail または other armour) which hung from the middle to about the knees, or lower.

    Coordinate term: lamboys

    • 1977, Armours of Henry VIII:

      The base (skirt), as opposed to the practical skirt of the tonlet armour, is an affectation in imitation of the civilian fabric garment of the period and may well have been inspired by a similar feature on Maximilian's gift armour.

    • 2007, AHRC Research Centre for Textile Conservation and Textile Studies. Conference, Textiles and Text: Re-establishing the Links Between Archival and Object-based Research : Postprints, pages 47-49:

      Both knee-length bases are made from black velvet [...] There was a second type of metal skirt that could be worn with armour: the tonlet. [...] Unlike the base, however, the tonlet did not have a textile counterpart. [...]

28. (obsolete) The lower part of a robe or petticoat.
29. (obsolete) An apron.
    • 1613, John Marston, The Insatiate Countess:

      bakers in their linen bases

30. A line in a survey which, being accurately determined in length and position, serves as the origin from which to compute the distances and positions of any points or objects connected with it by a system of triangles.
    • 1834, Mary Somerville, On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences:

      Use the globe he inhabits as a base wherewith to measure the magnitude and distance of the sun and planets.

31. (politics) A group of voters who almost always support a single party's candidates for elected office.

    Synonyms: electoral base, political base

32. (Marxism) The forces and relations of production that produce the necessities and amenities of life.

    Synonym: substructure

    Antonym: superstructure

33. A material that holds paint or other materials together; a binder.
34. (aviation) Short for base leg.
35. (slang, uncountable) freebase cocaine
    • 2019 January 20, Ann Cleeves,Paul Matthew Thompson; Lawrence Gough, director, chapter 2, in Vera(Cuckoo) (9), spoken by Tyler Lennon (Louis Healy), 1:26:51 from the start:

      TYLER LENNON(played by Louis Healy): Ten grand a week we were clearing: base, white, meth, weed, anything. I can get you anything to get you high.

同意語

• (chemical compound that will neutralize an acid): alkali

反意語

• (chemical compound that will neutralize an alkali): acid
• (end of a leaf): apex

下位語

派生語

参考

Other terms used in arithmetic operations:

Advanced hyperoperations: tetration, pentation, hexation

動詞

base (三人称単数 現在形 bases, 現在分詞 basing, 過去形および過去分詞形 based)

1. (transitive) To give as its foundation or starting point; to lay the foundation of.
   • 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page vii:

     Firstly, I continue to base most species treatments on personally collected material, rather than on herbarium plants.

2. (transitive) To be located (at a particular place).
3. (acrobatics, cheerleading) To act as a base; to be the person supporting the flyer.
   • 2005, John T. Warren; Laura B. Lengel, Casting Gender: Women and Performance in Intercultural Context, →ISBN, page 73:

     Apart from time taken out during radio- and chemotherapy, Maurs continued to participate in POW. She would base a flyer in a double balance and make the audience laugh with her clowning antics for two more shows.

4. (slang) To freebase.
   • 1984, “8 Million Stories”, in Ego Trip, performed by Kurtis Blow ft. Run-DMC:

     You know he started to base at a hell of a pace / And now it's a disgrace, he's got the pipe in his face

派生語

• base on

語源 2

From Middle English base, bas, from Old French bas, from Late Latin bassus (“low”). Cognate with Spanish bajo, Italian basso and base.

形容詞

base (comparative baser または more base, superlative basest または most base)

1. (obsolete) Low in height; short.
   • 1594, Shakespeare, William, The Rape of Lucrece, line 664:

     The cedar stoops not to the base shrub's foot.

2. Low in place or position.
   • c. 1595, William Shakespeare, Richard II, act 2, scene 4, lines 19–20:

     I see thy glory like a shooting star / Fall to the base earth from the firmament.

3. (obsolete) Of low value or degree.
   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

     If thou livest in paine and sorrow, thy base courage is the cause of it, To die there wanteth but will.

4. (archaic) Of low social standing or rank; vulgar, common.
   • c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], part 1, 2nd edition, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:

     UUhat meanes the mightie Turkiſh Emperor
     To talke with one ſo baſe as Tamburlaine?

   • c. 1603–1606, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of King Lear”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 285, column 2:

     Wherefore should I / Stand in the plague of custome, and permit / The curiosity of Nations, to deprive me? For that I am some twelve, or fourteen Moonshines / Lag of a Brother? Why Bastard? Wherefore base? / When my Dimensions are as well compact, My minde as generous, and my shape as true / As honest madams issue? Why brand they us / With Base? With basenes Bastardie? Base, Base?

   • 1623, Francis Bacon, De Augmentis Scientiarum:

     a peasant and base swain

5. Morally reprehensible, immoral; cowardly.
   • 1551, Ralph Robynson, transl., More's Utopia:

     a cruel act of a base and a cowardish mind

   • 1634 October 9 (first performance), [John Milton], H[enry] Lawes, editor, A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634: […] [Comus], London: […] [Augustine Matthews] for Hvmphrey Robinson, […], published 1637, →OCLC; reprinted as Comus: […] (Dodd, Mead & Company’s Facsimile Reprints of Rare Books; Literature Series; no. I), New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1903, →OCLC:

     base ingratitude

   • 1905, Baroness Emmuska Orczy, chapter 1, in The Tragedy in Dartmoor Terrace‎^[2]:

     “Mrs. Yule's chagrin and horror at what she called her son's base ingratitude knew no bounds ; at first it was even thought that she would never get over it. […]”

6. (now rare) Inferior; unworthy, of poor quality.
   • 1932, Aldous Huxley, Brave New World‎^[3], Chatto & Windus:

     'Like this horrible film.'
     'Horrible?' Lenina was genuinely astonished. 'But I thought it was lovely.'
     'It was base,' he said indignantly, 'it was ignoble.'

7. (of a metal) Not considered precious or noble.
8. Alloyed with inferior metal; debased.

   base coin

   base bullion

9. (obsolete) Of illegitimate birth; bastard.
   • c. 1605–1606, William Shakespeare, King Lear, act 1, scene 2, line 6:

     Why bastard? Wherefore base?

10. Not classical or correct.
    • 1655, Thomas Fuller, James Nichols, editor, The Church History of Britain, […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), new edition, London: […] [James Nichols] for Thomas Tegg and Son, […], published 1837, →OCLC:

      base Latin

11. Obsolete form of bass.

    the base tone of a violin

12. (law) Not held by honourable service.

    A base estate is one held by services not honourable, or held by villenage. Such a tenure is called base, or low, and the tenant is a base tenant.

使用する際の注意点

• Said of fellows, motives, occupations, etc.

同意語

• (low, short): little, petite, short
• (of position): low-lying, lowland
• (of value): See Thesaurus:insignificant
• (卑語, common): common, low-born, lowly, plebeian, vulgar
• (immoral): See Thesaurus:despicable or Thesaurus:evil
• (of inferior quality): See Thesaurus:low-quality
• (describing metals):
• (of illegitimate birth): See Thesaurus:illegitimate
• (not classical):
• (not held by honourable service):

反意語

• likeable
• desirable
• admirable
• noble

派生語

語源 3

Probably a specific use of Etymology 1, above; perhaps also a development of the plural of bar.

名詞

base (uncountable)

1. (now chiefly US, historical) The game of prisoners' bars. [from 15th c.]
   • 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

     to run the country base

   • 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book V, Canto VIII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

     So ran they all, as they had bene at bace, / They being chased that did others chase.

語源 4

Variant forms.

名詞

base

1. Alternative form of BASE

派生語

• base jumper
• base jumping

Further reading

• base on Wikipedia.
• Base in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

参照

• base in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
• “base”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.

アナグラム

• Abes, EABs, EBSA, baes, seba

Latin

名詞

base

1. ablative singular of basis