amberとは

語源

From Middle English aumbre, in turn from Middle French ambre, from Arabic عَنْبَر‎ (ʿanbar, “ambergris”), from Middle Persian ʾmbl (ambar, “ambergris”). Compare lamber, ambergris. Displaced 古期英語 eolhsand (“elksand”).

• The nucleotide sequence "UAG" is named "amber" for the first person to isolate the amber mutation, California Institute of Technology graduate student Harris Bernstein, whose last name ("Bernstein") is the German word for the resin "amber".^[1][2]

発音

• (英国発音) IPA^(key): /ˈam.bə/
• (米国発音) IPA^(key): /ˈæm.bɚ/
• 韻: -æmbə(ɹ)

an amber traffic light

名詞

amber (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 ambers)

1. (obsolete) Ambergris, the waxy product of the sperm whale. [14th-18th c.]
   • 1526, The Grete Herball:

     Ambre is hote and drye […] Some say that it is the sparme of a whale.

   • 1579, The Booke of Simples, fol. 56 (contained in Bulleins Bulwarke of Defence against all Sicknesse, Soarnesse, かつ Woundes):

     As for Amber Grice, or Amber Cane, which ist most sweet myngled with other sweete thynges: some say it commeth from the rocks of the Sea. […] Some say it is gotten by a fish called Azelum, which feedeth upon Amber Grece, and dyeth, which is taken by cunnyng fishers and the belly opened, and this precious Amber found in hym.

   • 1600, John Pory (translator), A Geographical Historie of Africa (original by Leo Africanus), page 344:

     The head of this fish is as hard as stone. The inhabitants of the Ocean sea coast affirme that this fish casteth foorth Amber; but whether the said Amber be the sperma or the excrement thereof, they cannot well determine.

   • 1717, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, letter, 18 Apr 1717:

     Slaves […] with silver Censors […] perfum'd the air with Amber, Aloes wood, and other Scents.

2. A hard, generally yellow to brown translucent fossil resin, used for jewellery. One variety, blue amber, appears blue rather than yellow under direct sunlight. [from 15th c.]
   • 1594 William Shakespeare, The Taming of the Shrew, Act IV, Scene III:

     With scarfs and fans and double change of bravery,

     With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knavery.

   • 1594, William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act II, Scene II:

     Slanders, sir: for the satirical rogue says here that old men have grey beards, that their faces are wrinkled, their eyes purging thick amber and plum-tree gum and that they have a plentiful lack of wit.

   • 1637, Monro, his expedition with the Worthy Scots Regiment (called Mac-Keys Regiment), republished in 1999 →ISBN, page 102:

     To shew this by example, we reade of Sabina Poppcea, to whom nothing was wanting, but shame and honestie, being extremely beloved of Nero, had the colour of her haire yellow, like Amber, which Nero esteemed much of, […] .

   • 2012 March 1, Lee A. Groat, “Gemstones”, in American Scientist‎^[2], volume 100, number 2, page 128:

     Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are […] . (Common gem materials not addressed in this article include amber, amethyst, chalcedony, garnet, lazurite, malachite, opals, peridot, rhodonite, spinel, tourmaline, turquoise かつ zircon.)

3. A yellow-orange colour.

   amber colour:  

4. (Britain) The intermediate light in a set of three traffic lights, which when illuminated indicates that drivers should stop short of the intersection if it is safe to do so.
   • 1974, Traffic Planning and Engineering, page 366:

     While earlier controllers provided concurrent ambers, present practice is to indicate a minimum intergreen period of 4 s.

   • 2000, in the Journal of Traffic Engineering & Control, volume 41, page 201:

     Also flashing ambers are not operational at this type of crossing.

   • 2004 January 14, "AZGuy" (username), "Turn Signal Research shows amber no more effective then red", in rec.autos.driving, Usenet:

     >Problem: Red-red signals are too time consuming when traffic density is higher.

     I don't find them time consuming at all. I find them identical to ambers.

5. (biology, genetics, biochemistry) The stop codon (nucleotide triplet) "UAG", or a mutant which has this stop codon at a premature place in its DNA sequence.

   an amber codon, an amber mutation, an amber suppressor

   • 2007, Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, edition 3, page 333:

     For example, to cross a temperature-sensitive mutation with an amber mutation, amber suppressor cells are infected at the low (permissive) temperature.

   • 2007, Jonathan C. Kuhn, Detection of Salmonella by Bacteriophage Felix 01, in Salmonella: Methods and Protocols, pages 27–28:

     Double ambers revert at 10^-8-10^-9, and therefore, reversion is negligible. Double-amber mutants are made by crossing single-amber mutants with each other.

同意語

• (intermediate light in a set of three traffic lights): yellow (米国用法)
• (廃れた用法: the waxy product of the sperm whale): ambergris

反意語

• (intermediate light in a set of three traffic lights): red, green

派生語

関連する語

参考

• copal

形容詞

amber (comparative more amber, superlative most amber)

1. Of a brownish yellow colour, like that of most amber.
   • 2006, Jeffrey Archer, False Impression, page 270:

     They all moved safely through the first green and then the second, but when the third light turned amber Jack's taxi was the last to cross the intersection.

   • 2008, Elizabeth Amber, Raine: The Lords of Satyr, page 211:

     Ahead, a cool breeze swept the pale morning sun across a grassy meadow turned amber by morning's frost.

動詞

amber (三人称単数 現在形 ambers, 現在分詞 ambering, 過去形および過去分詞形 ambered)

1. (transitive, まれに) To perfume or flavour with ambergris.

   ambered wine, an ambered room

2. (transitive, まれに) To preserve in amber.

   an ambered fly

3. (transitive, まれに, chiefly poetic or literary) To cause to take on the yellow colour of amber.
   • 1885, America the Beautiful;

     For purple mountains majesty; for amber waves of grain.

   • 2007, Phil Rickman, Fabric of Sin: A Merrily Watkins Mystery;

     Home to the mosaic of coloured-lit windows in the black and white houses, the fake gas lamps ambering the cobbles, sometimes the scent of applewood smoke.

   • 2008, Jeri Westerson, Veil of Lies: A Medieval Noir:

     The firelight flickered on her rounded cheeks, ambering the pale skin.

4. (intransitive, まれに, chiefly poetic or literary) To take on the yellow colour of amber.
   • 2009, Jack Wennerstrom, Black Coffee, page 19:

     Westward along Lancaster Avenue, among the stone walls and broad driveways of imposing old houses—their lawns dappled with the shade of ambering maples and dusty, bark-peeled sycamores—

   • 2011, Tim Powers, On Stranger Tides:

     [T]hough many of the pirates protested against these energetic activities[,] he was only pleasantly tired when the lowering, ambering sun began to bounce needles of gold glare off the waves ahead;

参考

• electrum
• succinic
• succinic acid
• traffic light
• Appendix:Colors

Further reading

• “Amber” in David Barthelmy, Webmineral Mineralogy Database^[3], 1997–.
• “amber”, in Mindat.org‎^[4], Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, accessed 29 August 2016.

アナグラム

• Brame, bemar, brame, bream, embar

別の表記

• ambor, āmber, ōmber

語源

Of disputed origin.

According to one theory, it is from Proto-Germanic *ambrijaz, *aimbrijaz (“bucket”), from Proto-Indo-European *ambʰor- (“tub, bucket”). If so, then cognate with Old Saxon ēmbar, Old High German ampri, eimbar, Ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς (amphoreús, “vased shaped ornament with a narrow neck”) (whence Latin amphora), Sanskrit अम्भृण (ambhṛṇá, “a vessel used in preparing Soma juice”).

According to another theory, the Proto-Germanic forms derive from a compound equivalent to *ainaz (“one”) + *bariz (“that which is utilised for carrying; bar, crib”).

A third theory considers the 古期英語 term to have been borrowed from Latin amphora. Compare German Eimer.

発音

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑmber/

名詞

amber m

1. bucket