railとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English rail, rayl, *reȝel, *reȝol (found in reȝolsticke (“a ruler”)), partly from 古期英語 regol (“a ruler, straight bar”) and partly from Old French reille; both from Latin regula (“rule, bar”), from regō (“to rule, to guide, to govern”); see regular.

名詞

rail (複数形 rails)

1. A horizontal bar extending between supports and used for support or as a barrier; a railing.
   • 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

     Old Applegate, in the stern, just set and looked at me, and Lord James, amidship, waved both arms and kept hollering for help. I took a couple of everlasting big strokes and managed to grab hold of the skiff's rail, close to the stern.

2. The metal bar forming part of the track for a railroad.
   • 2013 June 1, “Ideas coming down the track”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 13 (Technology Quarterly):

     A "moving platform" scheme […] is more technologically ambitious than maglev trains even though it relies on conventional rails. Local trains would use side-by-side rails to roll alongside intercity trains and allow passengers to switch trains by stepping through docking bays.

3. A railroad; a railway, as a means of transportation.

   We travelled to the seaside by rail.

   a small Scottish village not accessible by rail

   rail transport

4. (electronics) A conductor maintained at a fixed electrical potential relative to ground, to which other circuit components are connected.

   ISA devices draw power from the +5 V, −5 V, +12 V, and −12 V rails of the power supply unit.

   • 2019 December 5, Michal Necasek, “Power Trouble”, in OS/2 Museum‎^[1], archived from the original on 25 September 2022:

     There has been another, fairly gradual change in the ATX specification: Initially a lot of power was supplied on the 5V and 3.3V rails, but over time more and more power shifted to 12V because it's more efficient. Modern (ATX12V 2.x) PSUs supply most of their power on the 12V rail and not a lot on the 5V rail, which means a modern PSU may not be able to supply an old board, unless it's a really beefy PSU—because providing 500W on the 12V rail is of very little use to an AT or early ATX system.

5. A horizontal piece of wood that serves to separate sections of a door or window.
6. (surfing) One of the lengthwise edges of a surfboard.
   • c. 2000, Nick Carroll, surfline.com [2]:

     Rails alone can only ever have a marginal effect on a board's general turning ability.

7. (Internet) A vertical section on one side of a web page.

   We're experimenting with ads in the right-hand rail.

8. (drugs) A large line (portion または serving of a powdery illegal drug).
   • 2013, Jason Isbell, "Super 8":

     Do a couple rails and chase your own tail

派生語

派生した語

動詞

rail (三人称単数 現在形 rails, 現在分詞 railing, 過去形および過去分詞形 railed)

1. (intransitive) To travel by railway.
   • 1890, Rudyard Kipling, At the End of the Passage

     Mottram of the Indian Survey had ridden thirty and railed one hundred miles from his lonely post in the desert […]

2. (transitive, rail transport, of rolling stock) To place on a track.
3. (transitive) To enclose with rails or a railing.
   • 1726, John Ayliffe, Parergon juris canonici Anglicani

     It ought to be fenced in and railed.

4. (transitive) To range in a line.
   • 1622, Francis, Lord Verulam, Viscount St. Alban [i.e. Francis Bacon], The Historie of the Raigne of King Henry the Seventh, […], London: […] W[illiam] Stansby for Matthew Lownes, and William Barret, →OCLC:

     They were brought to London all railed in ropes, like a team of horses in a cart.

5. (transitive, vulgar, slang) To sexually penetrate in a rough manner.

派生語

• derail
• rerail
• unrail

語源 2

From French râle, rale, from Middle French raalle, from Old French rasle. Compare Medieval Latin rallus. Named from its harsh cry, Vulgar Latin *rasculum, from Latin rādere (“to scrape”).

名詞

rail (複数形 rails)

1. Any of several birds in the family Rallidae.

使用する際の注意点

• Not all birds in the family Rallidae are rails by their common name. The family also includes coots, moorhens, crakes, flufftails, waterhens and others.

派生語

• Aztec rail (Rallus tenuirostris)
• banded rail
• barred rail (Hypotaenidia okinawae)
• buff-banded rail (Hypotaenidia philippensis)
• Calayan rail (Gallirallus calayanensis)
• chestnut rail (Eulabeornis castaneoventris)
• clapper rail (Rallus crepitans)
• forest rail (Rallicula spp.)
• grey-throated rail (Canirallus oculeus)
• Guam rail (Hypotaenidia owstoni)
• king rail (Rallus elegans)
• mangrove rail (Rallus longirostris)
• Mexican rail
• Okinawa rail (Hypotaenidia okinawae)
• pink-legged rail (Hypotaenidia insignis)
• Ridgway's rail (Rallus obsoletus)
• Roviana rail (Hypotaeinidia rovianae)
• snoring rail (Aramidopsis plateri)
• water rail (Rallus aquaticus)
• Woodford's rail (Hypotaenidia woodfordi)
• wood rail (Aramides spp.)

関連する語

• ralline

参考

• corncrake

語源 3

From Middle French railler.

動詞

rail (三人称単数 現在形 rails, 現在分詞 railing, 過去形および過去分詞形 railed)

2. To complain violently (against, about).

   Synonyms: fulminate, inveigh

   • c. 1596–1598 (date written), W[illiam] Shakespeare, The Excellent History of the Merchant of Venice. […] (First Quarto), [London]: […] J[ames] Roberts [for Thomas Heyes], published 1600, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, かつ the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

     Till thou canst raile the seale from off my bond
     Thou but offend'st thy Lungs to speake so loud:
     Repaire thy wit good youth, or it will fall
     To endlesse ruine. I stand heere for Law.

   • 1882, Mark Twain, The Stolen White Elephant, [3]

     Now that the detectives were in adversity, the newspapers turned upon them, and began to fling the most stinging sarcasms at them. This gave the minstrels an idea, and they dressed themselves as detectives and hunted the elephant on the stage in the most extravagant way. The caricaturists made pictures of detectives scanning the country with spy-glasses, while the elephant, at their backs, stole apples out of their pockets. And they made all sorts of ridiculous pictures of the detective badge—you have seen that badge printed in gold on the back of detective novels no doubt, it is a wide-staring eye, with the legend, “WE NEVER SLEEP.” When detectives called for a drink, the would-be facetious barkeeper resurrected an obsolete form of expression and said, “Will you have an eye-opener?” All the air was thick with sarcasms. But there was one man who moved calm, untouched, unaffected, through it all. It was that heart of oak, the chief inspector. His brave eye never drooped, his serene confidence never wavered. He always said: “Let them rail on; he laughs best who laughs last.”

   • 1910, "Saki", H. H. Munro, The Bag,[4]

     The Major’s fury clothed and reclothed itself in words as frantically as a woman up in town for one day’s shopping tries on a succession of garments. He reviled and railed at fate and the general scheme of things, he pitied himself with a strong, deep pity too poignant for tears, he condemned every one with whom he had ever come in contact to endless and abnormal punishments.

   • 1994, Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, Abacus, published 2010, page 27:

     Chief Joyi railed against the white man, whom he believed had deliberately sundered the Xhosa tribe, dividing brother from brother.

   • 2012 June 4, Lewis Smith, “Queen’s English Society says enuf is enough, innit?: Society formed 40 years ago to protect language against poor spelling and grammar closes because too few people care”, in The Guardian‎^[5], London, archived from the original on 10 March 2016:

     The Queen may be celebrating her jubilee but the Queen's English Society, which has railed against the misuse and deterioration of the English language, is to fold.

派生語

• raillery

語源 4

From Middle English rail, reil, from 古期英語 hræġl (“garment, dress, robe”). Cognate with Old Frisian hreil, reil, Old Saxon hregil, Old High German hregil (“clothing, garment, dress”).

別の表記

• rayle

名詞

rail (複数形 rails)

1. (obsolete) An item of clothing; a cloak or other garment; a dress.
2. (obsolete) Specifically, a woman's headscarf or neckerchief.
   • 1592, Thomas Nashe, Pierce Penniless:

     A course hempen raile about her shoulders.

派生語

• night-rail

語源 5

Probably from Anglo-Norman raier, Middle French raier.

動詞

rail (三人称単数 現在形 rails, 現在分詞 railing, 過去形および過去分詞形 railed)

1. (obsolete, of a liquid) To gush; to flow.
   • 1470–1485 (date produced)​, Thomas Malory, “Capitulum iv”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

     his breste and his brayle was bloodé – and hit rayled all over the see.

     (please add an English translation of this quote)

   • 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IV, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

     So furiously each other did assayle, / As if their soules they would attonce haue rent / Out of their brests, that streames of bloud did rayle / Adowne, as if their springes of life were spent […].

参考

• ride the rail

アナグラム

• Lair, aril, lair, lari, liar, lira, rial