leanとは意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English lenen (“to lean”), from 古期英語 hleonian, hlinian (“to lean, recline, lie down, rest”), from Proto-West Germanic *hlinēn, from Proto-Germanic *hlināną (“to lean, incline”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley-.

Cognate via Proto-Germanic with Middle Dutch leunen (“to lean”), German lehnen (“to lean”); via Proto-Indo-European with climate, cline.

動詞

lean (third-person singular simple present leans, present participle leaning, simple past and past participle leaned or (英国用法) leant)

1. To incline, deviate, or bend, from a vertical position; to be in a position thus inclining or deviating.

   a leaning column

   She leaned out of the window.

2. (copulative) To incline in opinion or desire; to conform in conduct; often with to, toward, etc.

   I’m leaning towards voting Conservative in the next election.

   The Hispanic vote leans Democratic.

   • a. 1600, Edmund Spenser, “A View of the State of Ireland. […]”, in The Works of Mr. Edmund Spenser, volume VI, London: Jacob Tonson […], published 1715, OCLC 930528020, page 1518:

     But you ſay they do not accept of them, but delight rather to lean to their old Cuſtoms and Brehon Laws, though they be more unjuſt and alſo more inconvenient for the common People, as by your late Relation of them I have gathered.

3. Followed by against, on, or upon: to rest or rely, for support, comfort, etc.
   • 1864, Alfred Tennyson, “Aylmer’s Field”, in Enoch Arden, &c., London: Edward Moxon & Co., […], OCLC 879237670, page 54:

     He lean'd not on his fathers but himself.

   • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XLV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, OCLC 4293071, pages 374–375:

     The slightest effort made the patient cough. He would stand leaning on a stick and holding a hand to his side, and when the paroxysm had passed it left him shaking.

4. To hang outwards.
5. To press against.
   • 1697, Virgil, “The Tenth Book of the Æneis”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], OCLC 403869432, lines 1187–1188, page 533:

     Oppreſs'd with Anguiſh, panting, and o'reſpent, / His fainting Limbs against an Oak he leant.

派生語

関連する語

• climate
• cline

名詞

lean (複数形 leans)

1. (of an object taller than its width かつ depth) An inclination away from the vertical.

   The trees had various leans toward gaps in the canopy.

同意語

• (inclination away from vertical): tilt

派生語

• gangsta lean (スラング)

語源 2

From Middle English lene (“lean”), from 古期英語 hlǣne (“lean”), (cognate with Low German leen), perhaps from hlǣnan (“to cause to lean (due to hunger または lack of food)”), from Proto-Germanic *hlainijaną (“to cause to lean”). If so, then related to 古期英語 hlinian, hleonian (“to lean”).

形容詞

lean (comparative leaner, superlative leanest)

1. (of a person または animal) Slim; not fleshy.

   Synonyms: lithe, svelte, willowy; see also Thesaurus:slender

2. (of meat) Having little fat.

   lean steak cuts

3. Having little extra or little to spare; scanty; meagre.

   Synonyms: insufficient, scarce, sparse; see also Thesaurus:inadequate

   a lean budget

   a lean harvest

4. Having a low proportion or concentration of a desired substance or ingredient.

   Synonyms: deficient, dilute, poor

   Antonym: rich

   A lean ore hardly worth mining.

   Running on too lean a fuel-air mixture will cause, among other problems, your internal combustion engine to heat up too much.

5. (printing, archaic) Of a character which prevents the compositor from earning the usual wages; opposed to fat.

   lean copy, matter, or type

6. (business) Efficient, economic, frugal, agile, slimmed-down; pertaining to the modern industrial principles of "lean manufacturing".

   lean management

   lean manufacturing

   Alcoa is now a lean and agile enterprise, after having split last year into two entities.

派生語

• leanness
• leansome

名詞

lean (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 leans)

1. (uncountable) Meat with no fat on it.
   • 1639 or earlier, Anon, Jack Sprat

     Jack Sprat would eat no fat, / His wife would eat no lean.

2. (countable, biology) An organism that is lean in stature.
   • 1986, Southwest Fisheries Center (U.S.), Collected Reprints (issue 1)

     The intermediates and leans are the predominant morphotypes found at the SE-NHR seamounts […]

   • 2012, Obesity: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional (page 56)

     Obese Zuckers, compared to leans, consumed more food under free-feeding conditions.

動詞

lean (三人称単数 現在形 leans, 現在分詞 leaning, 過去形および過去分詞形 leaned)

2. To thin out (a fuel-air mixture): to reduce the fuel flow into the mixture so that there is more air or oxygen.

   Synonyms: derich, disenrich

   Antonym: enrich

   • 1938 July, Blaine and Dupont Miller, “Weather Hop”, in Boys' Life‎^[1], Boy Scouts of America, ISSN 0006-8608, page 25:

     He leaned the mixture in an effort to cause a backfire through the carburetor, the generally accepted method of breaking the ice loose.

   • 2002 July, Tom Benenson, “Can Your Engine Run Too Lean?”, in Flying‎^[2], volume 129, number 7, ISSN 0015-4806, page 73:

     Even the Pilot's Operating Handbooks (POH) for our training airplanes add to our paranoia with their insistence that we not lean the mixture until we're above 5000 feet density altitude.

語源 3

From Icelandic leyna? Akin to German leugnen (“deny”). Compare lie (“speak falsely”).

動詞

lean (三人称単数 現在形 leans, 現在分詞 leaning, 過去形および過去分詞形 leaned)

1. To conceal.^[1]

参照

語源 4

Probably from the verb to lean (see etymology 1 above), supposedly because consumption of the intoxicating beverage causes one to "lean". Alternatively, possibly short for gasoline (“an alcoholic beverage made of vodka かつ energy drink”).

名詞

lean (uncountable)

1. (slang, US) A recreational drug based on codeine-laced promethazine cough syrup, popular in the hip hop community in the southeastern United States.

   Synonyms: sizzurp, syrup, purple drank

   • 2005, Jordan Houston, Darnell Carlton, Paul Beauregard, Premro Smith, Marlon Goodwin, David Brown, and Willie Hutchinson (lyrics), “Stay Fly”, in Most Known Unknown‎^[3], Sony BMG, performed by Three 6 Mafia (featuring Young Buck, 8 Ball, かつ MJG):

     Eyes real tight 'cause I'm chokin' the creep; vision messed up 'cause I'm drinkin' the lean.

   • 2020, “Those Kinda Nights”, in Music to Be Murdered By, performed by Eminem ft. Ed Sheeran:

     "What's in the cup, let me see that / Girl, where the rest of that promethazine at?" / She said, "Cool, gotta run out to my Cadillac though / And I'll be like Fat Joe, and bring the lean back"

参考

• lean on Wikipedia.

参照

• lean in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911
• lean in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913

アナグラム

• Alne, ELAN, Lane, Lena, Nale, Neal, elan, enal, lane, nale, neal, élan

発音

• IPA^(key): /læ͜ɑːn/

語源 1

From Proto-West Germanic *laun.

名詞

lēan n

1. reward

語形変化

派生語

• ġeōlēan
• lēanian

語源 2

From Proto-West Germanic *lahan. Cognate with Old Saxon lahan, Old High German lahan, Old Norse lá, Gothic ���������� (laian).

動詞

lēan

1. (transitive) to blame, fault, reproach

Conjugation

派生した語

• Middle English: *lēen (attested in past tense lough)