bearとは

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /bɛə(ɹ)/, /bɛː(ɹ)/, enPR: bâr
• (General American) IPA^(key): /bɛəɹ/, enPR: bâr
• Homophone: bare
• 韻: -ɛə(ɹ)
• (Southern 米国発音, 口語) IPA^(key): /bɑɹ/
• Homophone: bar (Southern 米国発音, 口語)

語源 1

From Middle English bere, from 古期英語 bera, from Proto-Germanic *berô (compare West Frisian bear, Dutch beer, German Bär, Danish bjørn).

名詞

bear (複数形 bears)

1. A large omnivorous mammal, related to the dog and raccoon, having shaggy hair, a very small tail, and flat feet; a member of family Ursidae.
2. (figuratively) A rough, unmannerly, uncouth person. [1579]
3. (finance) An investor who sells commodities, securities, or futures in anticipation of a fall in prices. [1744]
4. (slang, US) A state policeman (short for smokey bear). [1970s]
   • 1976 June, CB Magazine, Communications Publication Corporation, Oklahoma City, June 40/3:

     ‘The bear's pulling somebody off there at 74,’ reported someone else.

5. (slang) A large, hairy man, especially one who is homosexual. [1990]
   • 1990, "Bears, gay men subculture materials" (publication title, Human Sexuality Collection, Collection Level Periodical Record):
   • 2004, Richard Goldstein, Why I'm Not a Bear, in The Advocate, number 913, 27 April 2004, page 72:

     I have everything it takes to be a bear: broad shoulders, full beard, semibald pate, and lots of body hair. But I don't want to be a fetish.

   • 2006, Simon LeVay, Sharon McBride Valente, Human sexuality:

     There are numerous social organizations for bears in most parts of the United States. Lesbians don't have such prominent sexual subcultures as gay men, although, as just mentioned, some lesbians are into BDSM practices.

6. (工学) A portable punching machine.
7. (nautical) A block covered with coarse matting, used to scour the deck.
8. (cartomancy) The fifteenth Lenormand card.

同意語

• (large omnivorous mammal): see Thesaurus:bear
• (rough, uncouth person): see Thesaurus:troublemaker
• (police officer): see Thesaurus:police officer

反意語

• (investor who anticipates falling prices): bull
• (homosexual hairy man): twink

派生語

動詞

bear (三人称単数 現在形 bears, 現在分詞 bearing, 過去形および過去分詞形 beared)

1. (finance, transitive) To endeavour to depress the price of, or prices in.

   to bear a railroad stock

   to bear the market

形容詞

bear (not comparable)

1. (finance, investments) Characterized by declining prices in securities markets or by belief that the prices will fall.

   The great bear market starting in 1929 scared a whole generation of investors.

参考

• ursine
• Appendix:Animals
• Appendix:English collective nouns

参照

• Donald A. Ringe, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (2006), Linguistic history of English, vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press →ISBN

Further reading

• bear on Wikipedia.

語源 2

From Middle English beren (“carry, bring forth”), from 古期英語 beran (“to carry, bear, bring”), from Proto-Germanic *beraną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. Akin to Old High German beran (“carry”), Dutch baren, Norwegian Bokmål bære, Norwegian Nynorsk bera, Gothic ������������ (bairan), Latin ferre, and Ancient Greek φέρειν (phérein), Albanian bie (“to bring, to bear”), Russian брать (bratʹ, “to take”).

動詞

bear (third-person singular simple present bears, present participle bearing, simple past bore or (古風な用法) bare, past participle borne or (see usage notes) born)

1. (transitive) To support or sustain; to hold up.

   This stone bears most of the weight.

2. (transitive) To carry something.
   • (Can we date this quote?), Shakespeare:

     I'll bear your logs the while.

   • 2005, Lesley Brown, translator, Plato, Sophist. 234b:

     imitations that bear the same name as the things

     To veer slightly in one direction (left または right, usually at a fork in the road)

   • 1852, Mrs M.A. Thompson, “The Tutor's Daughter”, in Graham's American Monthly Magazine of Literature, Art, and Fashion‎^[1], page 266:

     In the lightness of my heart I sang catches of songs as my horse gayly bore me along the well-remembered road.

   • 1954 03, Bradbury, Ray, “All Summer in a Day”, in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction‎^[2], volume 6, number 3, Fantasy House, Inc., page 122:

     They surged about her, caught her up and bore her

3. (transitive) To be equipped with (something).

   the right to bear arms

4. (transitive) To wear or display.

   The shield bore a red cross.

5. (transitive, with witness) To declare as testimony.

   The jury could see he was bearing false witness.

6. (transitive) To put up with something.

   I would never move to Texas—I can't bear heat.

   Please bear with me as I try to find the book you need.

7. (transitive) To give birth to someone or something (may take the father of the direct object as an indirect object).

   In Troy she becomes Paris’ wife, bearing him several children, all of whom die in infancy.

8. (transitive, intransitive) To produce or yield something, such as fruit or crops.
   • (Can we date this quote?), John Dryden

     this age to blossom, and the next to bear

9. (intransitive) To be, or head, in a specific direction or azimuth (from somewhere).

   The harbour bears north by northeast.

   By my readings, we're bearing due south, so we should turn about ten degrees east.

   Great Falls bears north of Bozeman.

   We are bearing toward the north side of the island.

10. (intransitive) To suffer, as in carrying a burden.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Alexander Pope:

      Man is born to bear.

11. (intransitive) To endure with patience; to be patient.
    • (Can we date this quote?) John Dryden:

      I cannot, cannot bear.

12. (intransitive, usually with on, upon, または against) To press.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Addison:

      These men bear hard on the suspected party.

13. (transitive, intransitive) To take effect; to have influence or force.

    to bring matters to bear

14. (intransitive, usually with on または upon) To relate or refer.

    How does this bear on the question?

15. (transitive) To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Nathaniel Hawthorne:

      Her sentence bore that she should stand a certain time upon the platform.

16. (transitive, obsolete) To conduct; to bring (a person).
    • (Can we date this quote?) Shakespeare:

      Bear them to my house.

17. (transitive) To possess and use (power, etc.); to exercise.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Bible, Esther 1.22:

      Every man should bear rule in his own house.

18. (transitive) To possess mentally; to carry or hold in the mind; to entertain; to harbour.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Shakespeare:

      the ancient grudge I bear him

19. (transitive, obsolete) To gain or win.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Francis Bacon:

      Some think to bear it by speaking a great word.

    • (Can we date this quote?) Latimer:

      She was […] found not guilty, through bearing of friends and bribing of the judge.

20. (transitive) To sustain, or be answerable for (blame, expense, responsibility, etc.).
    • (Can we date this quote?) Bible, Isaiah 53:11:

      He shall bear their iniquities.

    • (Can we date this quote?) John Dryden:

      somewhat that will bear your charges

21. (transitive) To carry on, or maintain; to have.
    • (Can we date this quote?) John Locke:

      the credit of bearing a part in the conversation

22. (transitive) To admit or be capable of; to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Jonathan Swift:

      In all criminal cases the most favourable interpretation should be put on words that they can possibly bear.

23. (transitive) To manage, wield, or direct; to behave or conduct (oneself).
    • (Can we date this quote?) Shakespeare:

      Thus must thou thy body bear.

    • (Can we date this quote?) Shakespeare:

      Hath he borne himself penitently in prison?

24. (transitive) To afford; to be (something) to; to supply with.
    • (Can we date this quote?) Alexander Pope:

      His faithful dog shall bear him company.

使用する際の注意点

• The past participle of bear is usually borne:
  • He could not have borne that load.
  • She had borne five children.
  • This is not to be borne!
• However, when bear means "to give birth to" (字義どおりに または figuratively), the passive past participle is born:
  • She was born on May 3.
  • Born three years earlier, he was the eldest of his siblings.
  • "The idea to create [the Blue Ridge Parkway] was born in the travail of the Great Depression […] ." (Tim Pegram, The Blue Ridge Parkway by Foot: A Park Ranger's Memoir, →ISBN, 2007, page 1)
• Both spellings are used in the construction born(e) to someone (as a child):
  • He was born(e) to Mr. Smith.
  • She was born(e) to the most powerful family in the city.
  • "[M]y father was borne to a Swedish mother and a Norwegian father, both devout Lutherans." (David Ross, Good Morning Corfu: Living Abroad Against All Odds, →ISBN, 2009)

派生語

名詞

bear (複数形 bears)

1. (colloquial) Something difficult or tiresome; a burden or chore.

   That window can be a bear to open.

   • 2014, Joe Buda, Pilgrims' Passage: Into a New Millennium; Rebuilding the Past

     “This was a real bear to refinish. You can't believe how hard it was right here to get a thousand years of crud out of this carving.”

名詞

bear (uncountable)

1. Alternative spelling of bere (“barley”).

アナグラム

• Aber, Bare, Baré, Brea, Reba, bare, brae, rabe