bearとは

意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /bɛə(ɹ)/, /bɛː(ɹ)/, enPR: bâr
• (General American) IPA^(key): /bɛəɹ/, enPR: bâr
• (Indian English) IPA^(key): /ˈbiːə(r)/, /bɛː(r)/
• (New Zealand) IPA^(key): /bɪə/
• Homophone: bare
• Homophone: beer (New Zealand, NEAR/SQUARE merger)
• 韻: -ɛə(ɹ)
• (Southern 米国発音, 口語) IPA^(key): /bɑɹ/
• Homophone: bar (Southern 米国発音, 口語)

語源 1

From Middle English bere, from 古期英語 bera, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô (compare West Frisian bear, Dutch beer, German Bär, Danish bjørn).

名詞

bear (複数形 bears)

2. A large, generally omnivorous mammal (a few species are purely carnivorous または herbivorous), related to the dog and raccoon, having shaggy hair, a very small tail, and flat feet; a member of the family Ursidae.
   1. (cooking, uncountable) The meat of this animal.

      We had barbecued bear for dinner.

3. (figuratively) A rough, unmannerly, uncouth person. [1579]
4. (finance) An investor who sells commodities, securities, or futures in anticipation of a fall in prices. [1744]

   Antonym: bull

   • 1821, Bank of England, The Bank - The Stock Exchange - The Bankers ... (page 64)

     This accompt has been made to appear a bull accompt, i.e. that the bulls cannot take their stock. The fact is the reverse; it is a bear accompt, but the bears, unable to deliver their stock, have conjointly banged the market, and pocketed the tickets, to defeat the rise and loss that would have ensued to them by their buying on a rising price on the accompt day […]

5. (CB radio, slang, US) A state policeman (short for smokey bear). [1970s]
   • 1976 June, CB Magazine, Communications Publication Corporation, Oklahoma City, June 40/3:

     'The bear's pulling somebody off there at 74,' reported someone else.

   • 2015, Matt Cashion, Last Words of the Holy Ghost (page 85)

     He was listening for reports of Kojaks with Kodaks, or bear sightings (cop alerts) at his front door (ahead of him), especially plain wrappers (unmarked police cars) parked at specific yardsticks (mile-markers) taking pictures […]

6. (slang) A large, hairy man, especially one who is homosexual. [1990]
   • 1990, "Bears, gay men subculture materials" (publication title, Human Sexuality Collection, Collection Level Periodical Record):
   • 2004, Richard Goldstein, Why I'm Not a Bear, in The Advocate, number 913, 27 April 2004, page 72:

     I have everything it takes to be a bear: broad shoulders, full beard, semibald pate, and lots of body hair. But I don't want to be a fetish.

   • 2006, Simon LeVay, Sharon McBride Valente, Human sexuality:

     There are numerous social organizations for bears in most parts of the United States. Lesbians don't have such prominent sexual subcultures as gay men, although, as just mentioned, some lesbians are into BDSM practices.

   Antonym: twink

7. (engineering) A portable punching machine.
8. (nautical) A block covered with coarse matting, used to scour the deck.
9. (cartomancy) The fifteenth Lenormand card.
10. (colloquial, US) Something difficult or tiresome; a burden or chore.

    That window can be a bear to open.

    • 2014, Joe Buda, Pilgrims' Passage: Into a New Millennium; Rebuilding the Past:

      "This was a real bear to refinish. You can't believe how hard it was right here to get a thousand years of crud out of this carving."

同意語

• (large omnivorous mammal): see Thesaurus:bear
• (rough, uncouth person): see Thesaurus:troublemaker
• (police officer): see Thesaurus:police officer

派生語

派生した語

• → Hawaiian: pea
• → Irish: béar
• → Maori: pea
• → Tahitian: pea
• → Tokelauan: pea
• → Wallisian: pea

動詞

bear (三人称単数 現在形 bears, 現在分詞 bearing, 過去形および過去分詞形 beared)

1. (finance, transitive) To endeavour to depress the price of, or prices in.

   to bear a railroad stock

   to bear the market

形容詞

bear (not comparable)

1. (finance, investments) Characterized by declining prices in securities markets or by belief that the prices will fall.

   The great bear market starting in 1929 scared a whole generation of investors.

参考

• ursine
• Appendix:Animals
• Appendix:English collective nouns

参照

• Donald A. Ringe, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (2006), Linguistic history of English, vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press →ISBN

Further reading

• bear on Wikipedia.

語源 2

From Middle English beren (“carry, bring forth”), from 古期英語 beran (“to carry, bear, bring”), from Proto-West Germanic *beran, from Proto-Germanic *beraną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti, from *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”).

Akin to Old High German beran (“carry”), Dutch baren, Norwegian Bokmål bære, Norwegian Nynorsk bera, German gebären, Gothic ������������ (bairan), Sanskrit भरति (bhárati), Latin ferre, and Ancient Greek φέρειν (phérein), Albanian bie (“to bring, to bear”), Russian брать (bratʹ, “to take”), Persian بردن‎ (bordan, “to take, to carry”).

動詞

bear (third-person singular simple present bears, present participle bearing, simple past bore or (古風な用法) bare, past participle borne or bore or (see usage notes) born)

2. (chiefly transitive) To carry or convey, literally or figuratively.

   They came bearing gifts.

   Judging from the look on his face, he wasn't bearing good news.

   The little boat bore us to our destination.

   This plant's light and fluffy seeds may be borne by the wind to remote islands.

   • 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act III, scene i]:

     I'll bear your logs the while.

   • 1852, Mrs M.A. Thompson, “The Tutor's Daughter”, in Graham's American Monthly Magazine of Literature, Art, and Fashion‎^[1], page 266:

     In the lightness of my heart I sang catches of songs as my horse gayly bore me along the well-remembered road.

   • 1954 March, Ray Bradbury, “All Summer in a Day”, in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction‎^[2], volume 6, number 3, page 122:

     They surged about her, caught her up and bore her.

   1. (transitive, of weapons, flags または symbols of rank, office, etc.) To carry upon one's person, especially visibly; to be equipped with.

      the right to bear arms

   2. (transitive, of garments, pieces of jewellery, etc.) To wear. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
   3. (transitive, rarely intransitive, of a woman または female animal) To carry (offspring in the womb), to be pregnant (with).

      The scan showed that the ewe was bearing twins.

   4. (transitive) To have or display (a mark または other feature).

      She still bears the scars from a cycling accident.

      The stone bears a short inscription.

      This bears all the hallmarks of a terrorist attack.

      • 1859, Charles Darwin, Origin of Species iv. 88:

        Male stag-beetles often bear wounds from the huge mandibles of other males.

   5. (transitive) To display (a particular heraldic device) on a shield or coat of arms; to be entitled to wear or use (a heraldic device) as a coat of arms. [1400]

      The shield bore a red cross.

   6. (transitive) To present or exhibit (a particular outward appearance); to have (a certain look). [1200]

      He bore the look of a defeated man.

      • 1930, Essex Chronicle 18 April 9/5:

        The body was unclothed, and bore the appearance of being washed up by the sea.

   7. (transitive) To have (a name, title, または designation). [1225]

      The school still bears the name of its founder.

      • 2005, Lesley Brown, translator, Plato, Sophist. 234b:

        […] imitations that bear the same name as the things […]

      • 2013, D. Goldberg, Universe in Rearview Mirror iii. 99:

        Heinrich Olbers described the paradox that bears his name in 1823.

   8. (transitive) To possess or enjoy (recognition, renown, a reputation, etc.); to have (a particular price, value, または worth). [1393]

      The dictator bears a terrible reputation for cruelty.

   9. (transitive, of an investment, loan, etc.) To have (interest または a specified rate of interest) stipulated in its terms. [1686]

      The bond bears a fixed interest rate of 3.5%.

   10. (transitive, of a person または animal) To have (an appendage, organ, etc.) as part of the body; (of a part of the body) to have (an appendage).

       Only the male Indian elephant bears tusks.

   11. (transitive) To carry or hold in the mind; to experience, entertain, harbour (an idea, feeling, または emotion).

       to bear a grudge, to bear ill will

       • c. 1596–1598, William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene iii]:

         the ancient grudge I bear him

   12. (transitive, rare) To feel and show (respect, reverence, loyalty, etc.) to, towards, or unto a person or thing.

       The brothers had always borne one another respect.

   13. (transitive) To possess inherently (a quality, attribute, power, または capacity); to have and display as an essential characteristic.

       to bear life

   14. (transitive, of a thing) To have (a relation, correspondence, etc.) to something else. [1556]

       The punishment bears no relation to the crime.

   15. (transitive) To give (written または oral testimony または evidence); (figurative) to provide or constitute (evidence または proof), give witness.

       His achievements bear testimony to his ability.

       The jury could see he was bearing false witness.

   16. (transitive) To have (a certain meaning, intent, または effect).

       This word no longer bears its original meaning.

       • 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, a Romance, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, OCLC 223202227:

         Her sentence bore that she should stand a certain time upon the platform.

   17. (reflexive, transitive) To behave or conduct (oneself).

       She bore herself well throughout the ordeal.

       • c. 1595–1596, William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act V, scene ii]:

         Thus must thou thy body bear.

       • c. 1603–1604, William Shakespeare, “Measvre for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act IV, scene ii]:

         Hath he borne himself penitently in prison?

   18. (transitive, rare) To possess and use, to exercise (power または influence); to hold (an office, rank, または position).
       • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Esther 1:22:

         Every man should bear rule in his own house.

   19. (intransitive, obsolete) To carry a burden or burdens. [1450]
   20. (transitive, obsolete, rare) To take or bring (a person) with oneself; to conduct. [1590]
       • c. 1594, William Shakespeare, “The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act V, scene i]:

         Bear them to my house.

3. To support, sustain, or endure.
   2. (transitive) To support or sustain; to hold up.

      This stone bears most of the weight.

   3. (now transitive outside certain set patterns such as 'bear with'; formerly also intransitive) To endure or withstand (hardship, scrutiny, etc.); to tolerate; to be patient (with).

      The pain is too much for me to bear.

      I would never move to Texas — I can't bear heat.

      This reasoning will not bear much analysis.

      Please bear with me as I try to find the book you need.

      • 1700, John Dryden, "Meleager and Atalanta", in: The poetical works, vol. 4, William Pickering, 1852, p. 169:

        I cannot, cannot bear; ’tis past , ’tis done; / Perish this impious , this detested son; […]

      • 1715–1720, Homer; [Alexander] Pope, transl., “Book XXIV”, in The Iliad of Homer, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintott […], OCLC 670734254:

        Man is born to bear.

   4. (transitive) To sustain, or be answerable for (blame, expense, responsibility, etc.).

      The hirer must bear the cost of any repairs.

      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Isaiah 53:11:

        He shall bear their iniquities.

      • 1753, John Dryden, The Spanish Friar: or, the Double Discovery, Tonson and Draper, p. 64:

        What have you gotten there under your arm, Daughter? somewhat, I hope, that will bear your Charges in your Pilgrimage.

   5. (transitive) To admit or be capable of (a meaning); to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change.
      • 1724, Jonathan Swift, Drapier's Letters

        In all criminal cases the most favourable interpretation should be put on words that they can possibly bear.

   6. (transitive) To warrant, justify the need for.

      This storm definitely bears monitoring.

4. To support, keep up, or maintain.
   1. (transitive) To afford, to be something to someone, to supply with something. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
      • 1732–4, Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man, Longmans, Green & Co, 1879, bear%20him%20company%20pope&hl=de&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 10:

        […] admitted to that equal sky, / His faithful dog shall bear him company.

   2. (transitive) To carry on, or maintain; to have. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
      • 1693, John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education, § 98:

        […] and he finds the Pleasure, and Credit of bearing a Part in the Conversation, and of having his Reasons sometimes approved and hearken'd to.

5. To press or impinge upon.
   1. (intransitive, usually with on, upon, または against) To push, thrust, press.

      The rope has frayed where it bears on the rim of the wheel.

      • 1711 September 25 (Gregorian calendar)​, Joseph Addison; Richard Steele, “FRIDAY, September 14, 1711”, in The Spectator, number 170; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume II, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, OCLC 191120697:

        These men therefore bear hard upon the suspected party.

   2. (intransitive, figuratively) To take effect; to have influence or force; to be relevant.

      to bring arguments to bear

      How does this bear on the question?

   3. (intransitive, military, usually with on または upon) Of a weapon, to be aimed at an enemy or other target.

      The cannons were wheeled around to bear upon the advancing troops.

      • 2012, Ronald D. Utt, Ships of Oak, Guns of Iron

        Constitution's gun crews crossed the deck to the already loaded larboard guns as Bainbridge wore the ship around on a larboard tack and recrossed his path in a rare double raking action to bring her guns to bear again on Java's damaged stern.

6. To produce, yield, give birth to.
   2. (transitive, ditransitive) To give birth to (someone または something) (may take the father of the direct object as an indirect object).

      In Troy she becomes Paris’ wife, bearing him several children, all of whom die in infancy.

   3. (transitive, less commonly intransitive) To produce or yield something, such as fruit or crops.

      This year our apple trees bore a good crop of fruit.

      • 1688, John Dryden, Britannia Rediviva

        Betwixt two seasons comes th' auspicious air, / This age to blossom, and the next to bear.

7. (intransitive, originally 航海) To be, or head, in a specific direction or azimuth (from somewhere).

   Carry on past the church and then bear left at the junction.

   By my readings, we're bearing due south, so we should turn about ten degrees east.

   Great Falls bears north of Bozeman.

8. (transitive, obsolete) To gain or win.
   • 1612, Francis Bacon, Of Seeming Wise

     Some think to bear it by speaking a great word.

   • April 5, 1549, Hugh Latimer, The Fifth Sermon Preached Before King Edward (probably not in original spelling)

     She was […] found not guilty, through bearing of friends and bribing of the judge.