bearとは

意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /bɛə(ɹ)/, /bɛː(ɹ)/, enPR: bâr
• (General American) IPA^(key): /bɛəɹ/, enPR: bâr
• Homophone: bare
• 韻: -ɛə(ɹ)
• (Southern 米国発音, 口語) IPA^(key): /bɑɹ/
• Homophone: bar (Southern 米国発音, 口語)

語源 1

From Middle English bere, from 古期英語 bera, from Proto-Germanic *berô (compare West Frisian bear, Dutch beer, German Bär, Danish bjørn).

名詞

bear (複数形 bears)

2. A large omnivorous mammal, related to the dog and raccoon, having shaggy hair, a very small tail, and flat feet; a member of family Ursidae.
3. (figuratively) A rough, unmannerly, uncouth person. [1579]
4. (finance) An investor who sells commodities, securities, or futures in anticipation of a fall in prices. [1744]

   Antonym: bull

5. (slang, US) A state policeman (short for smokey bear). [1970s]
   • 1976 June, CB Magazine, Communications Publication Corporation, Oklahoma City, June 40/3:

     ‘The bear's pulling somebody off there at 74,’ reported someone else.

6. (slang) A large, hairy man, especially one who is homosexual. [1990]
   • 1990, "Bears, gay men subculture materials" (publication title, Human Sexuality Collection, Collection Level Periodical Record):
   • 2004, Richard Goldstein, Why I'm Not a Bear, in The Advocate, number 913, 27 April 2004, page 72:

     I have everything it takes to be a bear: broad shoulders, full beard, semibald pate, and lots of body hair. But I don't want to be a fetish.

   • 2006, Simon LeVay, Sharon McBride Valente, Human sexuality:

     There are numerous social organizations for bears in most parts of the United States. Lesbians don't have such prominent sexual subcultures as gay men, although, as just mentioned, some lesbians are into BDSM practices.

   Antonym: twink

7. (engineering) A portable punching machine.
8. (nautical) A block covered with coarse matting, used to scour the deck.
9. (cartomancy) The fifteenth Lenormand card.
10. (colloquial, US) Something difficult or tiresome; a burden or chore.

    That window can be a bear to open.

    • 2014, Joe Buda, Pilgrims' Passage: Into a New Millennium; Rebuilding the Past:

      “This was a real bear to refinish. You can't believe how hard it was right here to get a thousand years of crud out of this carving.”

同意語

• (large omnivorous mammal): see Thesaurus:bear
• (rough, uncouth person): see Thesaurus:troublemaker
• (police officer): see Thesaurus:police officer

派生語

派生した語

• → Irish: béar

動詞

bear (三人称単数 現在形 bears, 現在分詞 bearing, 過去形および過去分詞形 beared)

1. (finance, transitive) To endeavour to depress the price of, or prices in.

   to bear a railroad stock

   to bear the market

形容詞

bear (not comparable)

1. (finance, investments) Characterized by declining prices in securities markets or by belief that the prices will fall.

   The great bear market starting in 1929 scared a whole generation of investors.

参考

• ursine
• Appendix:Animals
• Appendix:English collective nouns

参照

• Donald A. Ringe, From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (2006), Linguistic history of English, vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press →ISBN

Further reading

• bear on Wikipedia.

語源 2

From Middle English beren (“carry, bring forth”), from 古期英語 beran (“to carry, bear, bring”), from Proto-Germanic *beraną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti, from *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”). Akin to Old High German beran (“carry”), Dutch baren, Norwegian Bokmål bære, Norwegian Nynorsk bera, German gebären, Gothic ������������ (bairan), Sanskrit भरति (bhárati), Latin ferre, and Ancient Greek φέρειν (phérein), Albanian bie (“to bring, to bear”), Russian брать (bratʹ, “to take”).

動詞

bear (third-person singular simple present bears, present participle bearing, simple past bore or (古風な用法) bare, past participle borne or (see usage notes) born)

1. (transitive) To carry something.
   • 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act III, scene i]:

     I'll bear your logs the while.

   • 2005, Lesley Brown, translator, Plato, Sophist. 234b:

     […] imitations that bear the same name as the things […]

   • 1852, Mrs M.A. Thompson, “The Tutor's Daughter”, in Graham's American Monthly Magazine of Literature, Art, and Fashion‎^[1], page 266:

     In the lightness of my heart I sang catches of songs as my horse gayly bore me along the well-remembered road.

   • 1954 March, Ray Bradbury, “All Summer in a Day”, in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction‎^[2], volume 6, number 3, page 122:

     They surged about her, caught her up and bore her.

   1. (transitive, of weapons, flags または symbols of rank, office, etc.) To carry upon one's person, especially visibly; to be equipped with.

      the right to bear arms

   2. (transitive, of garments, pieces of jewellery, etc.) To wear.
   3. (transitive) To display (a particular heraldic device) on a shield or coat of arms; to be entitled to wear or use (a heraldic device) as a coat of arms. [1400]

      The shield bore a red cross.

   4. (transitive, intransitive, of a woman または female animal) To carry offspring in the womb, to be pregnant.
   5. (intransitive, obsolete) To carry a burden or burdens. [1450]
   6. (transitive, obsolete, まれに) To take or bring (a person) with oneself; to conduct. [1590]
      • c. 1594, William Shakespeare, “The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act V, scene i]:

        Bear them to my house.

   7. (transitive) To have or display (a visible mark または feature).
      • 1859, Charles Darwin, Origin of Species iv. 88:

        Male stag-beetles often bear wounds from the huge mandibles of other males.

   8. (transitive) To present or exhibit (a particular outward appearance); to have (a certain look). [1200]
      • 1930, Essex Chronicle 18 April 9/5:

        The body was unclothed, and bore the appearance of being washed up by the sea.

   9. (transitive) To have (a name, title, または designation). [1225]
      • 2013, D. Goldberg, Universe in Rearview Mirror iii. 99:

        Heinrich Olbers described the paradox that bears his name in 1823.

   10. (transitive) To possess or enjoy (recognition, renown, a reputation, etc.); to have (a particular price, value, または worth). [1393]
   11. (transitive, of an investment, loan, etc.) To have (interest または a specified rate of interest) stipulated in its terms. [1686]
   12. (transitive, of a person または animal) To have (an appendage, organ, etc.) as part of the body. Also of a part of the body: to have (an appendage).
   13. (transitive) To carry or hold in the mind; to experience, entertain, harbour (an idea, feeling, または emotion).
       • c. 1596–1598, William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene iii]:

         the ancient grudge I bear him

   14. (transitive, まれに) To feel and show (respect, reverence, loyalty, etc.) to, towards, or unto a person or thing.
   15. (transitive) To possess inherently (a quality, attribute, power, または capacity); to have and display as an essential characteristic.

       to bear life

   16. (transitive, of a thing) To have (a relation, correspondence, etc.) to something else. [1556]
   17. (transitive, まれに) To possess and use, to exercise (power または influence); to hold (an office, rank, または position).
       • Bible, Esther 1.22

         Every man should bear rule in his own house.

   18. (transitive) To give (written または oral testimony または evidence); (figurative) to provide or constitute (evidence または proof), give witness.

       The jury could see he was bearing false witness.

   19. (reflexive, transitive) To behave or conduct (oneself).
       • c. 1595–1596, William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act V, scene ii]:

         Thus must thou thy body bear.

       • c. 1603–1604, William Shakespeare, “Measvre for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act IV, scene ii]:

         Hath he borne himself penitently in prison?

2. To support, sustain, or endure.
   2. (transitive) To support or sustain; to hold up.

      This stone bears most of the weight.

   3. (transitive, intransitive) To put up with something, to tolerate.

      I would never move to Texas—I can't bear heat.

      Please bear with me as I try to find the book you need.

   4. (intransitive) To suffer (pain, hardship, または adversity) without being overcome or overwhelmed; to endure or resist something without giving in; to withstand; to cope with.
      • 1715, Homer; [Alexander] Pope, transl., “Book XXIV”, in The Iliad of Homer, volume I, London: Printed by W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintott between the Temple-Gates, OCLC 670734254:

        Man is born to bear.

   5. (intransitive) To endure (a person, thing, situation, または circumstance) without opposition or resistance, quasi with patience; to be patient.
      • 1700, John Dryden, "Meleager and Atalanta", in: The poetical works, vol. 4, William Pickering, 1852, p. 169:

        I cannot, cannot bear; ’tis past , ’tis done; / Perish this impious , this detested son; […]

   6. (transitive) To sustain, or be answerable for (blame, expense, responsibility, etc.).
      • Bible, Isaiah 53:11:

        He shall bear their iniquities.

      • 1753, John Dryden, The Spanish Friar: or, the Double Discovery, Tonson and Draper, p. 64:

        What have you gotten there under your arm, Daughter? somewhat, I hope, that will bear your Charges in your Pilgrimage.

   7. (intransitive, usually with on, upon, または against) To push, thrust, press.
      • (Can we date this quote by Addison かつ provide title, author's full name, かつ other details?)

        These men bear hard on the suspected party.

   8. (transitive) To have a certain meaning, intent, or effect.
      • (Can we date this quote by Nathaniel Hawthorne かつ provide title, author's full name, かつ other details?)

        Her sentence bore that she should stand a certain time upon the platform.

3. To support, keep up, or maintain.
   1. (transitive) To afford, to be something to someone, to supply with something.
      • 1732–4, Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man, Longmans, Green & Co, 1879, bear%20him%20company%20pope&hl=de&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 10:

        […] admitted to that equal sky, / His faithful dog shall bear him company.

   2. (transitive) To carry on, or maintain; to have.
      • 1693, John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education, § 98:

        […] and he finds the Pleasure, and Credit of bearing a Part in the Conversation, and of having his Reasons sometimes approved and hearken'd to.

4. To produce, yield, give birth to.
   1. (transitive) To give birth to someone or something (may take the father of the direct object as an indirect object).

      In Troy she becomes Paris’ wife, bearing him several children, all of whom die in infancy.

   2. (transitive, intransitive) To produce or yield something, such as fruit or crops.
      • (Can we date this quote by John Dryden かつ provide title, author's full name, かつ other details?)

        Betwixt two seasons comes th' auspicious air, / This age to blossom, and the next to bear.

5. To move or extend in a specified direction.
   1. (intransitive, originally 航海) To be, or head, in a specific direction or azimuth (from somewhere).

      Carry on past the church and then bear left at the junction.

      By my readings, we're bearing due south, so we should turn about ten degrees east.

      Great Falls bears north of Bozeman.

   2. (intransitive, military, usually with on または upon) Of a weapon, to be aimed at an enemy or other target.
      • 2012, Ronald D. Utt, Ships of Oak, Guns of Iron

        Constitution's gun crews crossed the deck to the already loaded larboard guns as Bainbridge wore the ship around on a larboard tack and recrossed his path in a rare double raking action to bring her guns to bear again on Java's damaged stern.

6. (intransitive, figuratively) To take effect; to have influence or force; to be relevant.

   to bring arguments to bear

   How does this bear on the question?

7. (transitive, obsolete) To gain or win.
   • (Can we date this quote by Francis Bacon かつ provide title, author's full name, かつ other details?)

     Some think to bear it by speaking a great word.

   • (Can we date this quote?)

     She was […] found not guilty, through bearing of friends and bribing of the judge.

8. (transitive) To admit or be capable of (a meaning); to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change.
   • (Can we date this quote?):

     In all criminal cases the most favourable interpretation should be put on words that they can possibly bear.

9. (transitive) To warrant, justify the need for.

   This storm definitely bears monitoring.