speakとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English speken (“to speak”), from 古期英語 specan (“to speak”). This is usually taken to be an irregular alteration of earlier sprecan (“to speak”), from Proto-West Germanic *sprekan, from Proto-Germanic *sprekaną (“to speak, make a sound”), from Proto-Indo-European *spreg- (“to make a sound, utter, speak”). Finding this proposed loss of r from the stable cluster spr unparalleled, Hill instead sets up a different root, Proto-West Germanic *spekan (“to negotiate”) from Proto-Indo-European *bʰégʾ-e- (“to distribute”) with *s-mobile, which collapsed in meaning with *sprekan ("to speak" < "to crackle, prattle") and so came to be seen as a free variant thereof.

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /spiːk/
• (General American) enPR: spēk, IPA^(key): /spik/
• 韻: -iːk

動詞

speak (third-person singular simple present speaks, present participle speaking, simple past spoke or (古風な用法) spake, past participle spoken or (口語, 一般的ではない用法) spoke)

1. (intransitive) To communicate with one's voice, to say words out loud.
   • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, page 203:

     And Vickers launched forth into a tirade very different from his platform utterances. He spoke with extreme contempt of the dense stupidity exhibited on all occasions by the working classes. He said that if you wanted to do anything for them, you must rule them, not pamper them.

   I was so surprised I couldn't speak.

   You're speaking too fast.

2. (intransitive, reciprocal) To have a conversation.

   It's been ages since we've spoken.

3. (by extension) To communicate or converse by some means other than orally, such as writing or facial expressions.

   He spoke of it in his diary.

   Speak to me only with your eyes.

   Actions speak louder than words.

4. (intransitive) To deliver a message to a group; to deliver a speech.

   This evening I shall speak on the topic of correct English usage.

5. (transitive, stative) To be able to communicate in a language.

   He speaks Mandarin fluently.

   1. (by extension) To be able to communicate in the manner of specialists in a field.
      • 1998, Nigel G Fielding, Raymond M Lee, Computer Analysis and Qualitative Research‎^[1], page 4:

        Even those who did 'speak computer' did so sometimes in a less than fluent way which required a jump to be made from a press-the-right-button stage to having the confidence to experiment.

6. (transitive) To utter.
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 9:5:

     And they will deceive every one his neighbour, and will not speak the truth: they have taught their tongue to speak lies, and weary themselves to commit iniquity.

   I was so surprised that I couldn't speak a word.

7. (transitive) To communicate (some fact または feeling); to bespeak, to indicate.
   • 1785, Frances Burney, Diary and letters of Madame d'Arblay, author of Evelina, Cecilia, &c., link:

     Their behaviour to each other speaks the most cordial confidence and happiness.

   • 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “A Bosom Friend.”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 56:

     There he sat, his very indifference speaking a nature in which there lurked no civilized hypocrisies and bland deceits.

8. (informal, transitive, sometimes humorous) To understand (as though it were a language).

   Sorry, I don't speak idiot.

   So you can program in C. But do you speak C++?

9. (intransitive) To produce a sound; to sound.
   • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene vi], page 150:

     Make all our trumpets speak.

10. Of a bird, to be able to vocally reproduce words or phrases from a human language.
    • 1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 220:

      Miles tremblingly confessed that it had, but to no purpose; a parrot being able to speak better in three weeks than a brazen head.

11. (transitive, archaic) To address; to accost; to speak to.
    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiasticus 13:6:

      [He will] thee in hope; he will speak thee fair.

    • 1847, R[alph] W[aldo] Emerson, “Threnody”, in Poems, Boston, Mass.: James Munroe and Company, →OCLC, page 239:

      Each village senior paused to scan / And speak the lovely caravan.

    • 1854 August 9, Henry D[avid] Thoreau, “Economy”, in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC:

      To oversee all the details yourself in person; to be at once pilot and captain, and owner and underwriter; to buy and sell and keep the accounts; to read every letter received, and write or read every letter sent; to superintend the discharge of imports night and day; to be upon many parts of the coast almost at the same time—often the richest freight will be discharged upon a Jersey shore;—to be your own telegraph, unweariedly sweeping the horizon, speaking all passing vessels bound coastwise; [...]

    • 2013, George Francis Dow, Slave Ships and Slaving (quoting an older text)

      Spoke the ship Union of Newport, without any anchor. The next day ran down to Acra, where the windlass was again capsized and the pawls broken.

使用する際の注意点

• Saying that one speaks a language often means that one can or knows how to speak it (“I speak Italian”); similarly, “I don’t speak Italian” usually means that one cannot, rather than that one chooses not to.

Conjugation

同意語

• articulate, talk, verbalize

反意語

• be silent

等位語

• sign

派生語

関連する語

• speech

名詞

speak (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 speaks)

1. language, jargon, or terminology used uniquely in a particular environment or group.

   Corporate speak; IT speak.

2. Speech, conversation.

派生語

名詞

speak (複数形 speaks)

1. (dated) a low class bar, a speakeasy.

参照

• Hill, Eugen. "Die Präferenztheorie in der historischen Phonologie aus junggrammatischer Perspektive." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 28.2 (2009): 231–263.

アナグラム

• Akpes, Paeks, Pasek, Peaks, Spake, kapes, peaks, spake

接尾辞

-speak

1. Indicates a manner of speech or writing typical of or characterized by the root term.
   • 2006, "The great Indian hope trick", The Economist (Feb. 25)

     On the American side, one motive for this is usually couched in the most delicate diplomat-speak.

派生語