S.とは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (after voiceless consonants except /s/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/) enPR: s, IPA^(key): /s/
  • (after a sibilant または affricate)
    • (英国発音) enPR: ĭz, IPA^(key): /ɪz/
    • (米国発音) enPR: ĭz, əz, IPA^(key): /ɪz/, /əz/
    • (General Australian) enPR: əz, IPA^(key): /əz/
  • (elsewhere) enPR: z, IPA^(key): /z/
  • Homophone: -s

動詞

’s (clitic)

1. Contraction of is.

   The dog’s running after me!

2. Contraction of has.

   The dog’s been chasing the mail carrier again.

3. (proscribed, dialectal, Southern US) Contraction of was.

   It’s a beautiful day yesterday so I’s at the park.

4. (informal) Contraction of does (used only with the auxiliary meaning of does かつ only after interrogative words).

   What’s he do for a living?

   What’s it say?

   Where’s the n in Javanese come from?

5. (nonstandard, sometimes proscribed) are (used mainly after where, here, かつ there).

   Where’s the table tennis balls?

参考

代名詞

’s (clitic)

1. Contraction of us (found in the formula let’s which is used to form first-person 複数形 imperatives).

   What are you guys waiting for? Let’s go!

限定詞

’s

1. (poetic) Contraction of his.

   Duncan’s in ’s grave

接続詞

’s

1. (UK, dialect) Contraction of as (when it is (nonstandardly) used as a relative conjunction, or like a relative pronoun, meaning "that").

   All’s he wanted was to go home.

副詞

’s (not comparable)

1. (UK, dialect) Contraction of as.
   • 1922, E. F. Benson, Negotium Perambulans

     He takes his bottle of whisky a day and gets drunk’s a lord in the evening.

語源 1

From Middle English -s, -es, from 古期英語 -es (“-'s”, masculine かつ neuter genitive 単数形 ending), from Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is (masculine かつ neuter genitive 単数形 ending). Cognate with Dutch -s, -es (“-'s”), German -s, -es (“-'s”), Danish -s, -es (“-'s”), Swedish -s (“-'s”), Norwegian -s (“-'s”), Icelandic -s (“-'s”).

接尾辞

-'s

2. Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun or noun phrase bearing the marker.

   Jane's house is bigger than Sarah's.

   The cat bit the dog’s tail. (the dog + ’s)

   The cat bit the dog with the shaggy fur’s tail. (the dog with the shaggy fur + ’s)

   women’s contributions to science

   • 2012 April 15, Phil McNulty, “Tottenham 1-5 Chelsea”, in BBC‎^[1]:

     Before kick-off, a section of Chelsea’s support sadly let themselves and their club down by noisily interrupting the silence held in memory of the Hillsborough disaster and for Livorno midfielder Piermario Morosini, who collapsed and died after suffering a heart attack during a Serie B game on Saturday.

3. In the absence of a specified object, used to indicate “the house/place/establishment of”.

   We’re going to Luigi’s for dinner tonight. — that is, “Luigi’s house” or “Luigi’s restaurant”

   I'm going to the butcher’s for a steak.

   I bought it at Tesco’s. (see s-form)

   greengrocer’s

4. Indicates a purpose or a user.

   You need a driver’s licence.

   These are popular boy’s T-shirts.

   Alex can be a girl’s name.

   That's a girl’s toy. (A toy intended for use by girls.) — Homographic to: That's a girl’s toy. (The toy of a specific girl.)

   people’s

5. Used to indicate a quantity of something, especially of time.

   I took three weeks' holiday.

   The rocks lay at about a mile's distance from the shore.

6. Used to indicate various other kinds of relationship, such as source or origin, object of an action, subject depicted, etc.

   the doctor's help (help provided by the doctor)

   the King's capture (event of the King being captured)

   my father's portrait (portrait depicting my father)

7. (see usage notes) Attached to a noun or noun phrase linked to a genitive of, forming a double genitive.
   • c. 1606–1607, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], line Nay, but this dotage of our general’s
     O'erflows the measure:

使用する際の注意点

• Irregular plurals with endings other than ‘s’ (e.g. children) always take ’s: the children’s voices.
• Words ending in s are made possessive in various ways. Consider:^[1]
  • With regular plurals, the apostrophe is placed at the end, i.e. -s' is used (the dogs’ tails, whereas for singular ‘dog’, the dog’s tail).
  • The possessives of names which end in s may be formed using either this suffix (-'s) or bare -' (which see for more). Hence: St. James’s or St. James’, Chris's or Chris', Jesus's or Jesus'. The American Heritage Dictionary (under the entry "possessive") prescribes restricting this to words or names of at least two syllables, such as witness'; in practice, it is found on names of any length, even one syllable. The two suffixes may or may not be distinguished in pronunciation; for example, the BBC prescribes the following distinction:^[2] Dickens’ novel /dɪkɪnz nɒvəl/ (identically to (a) Dickens novel), Dickens’s novel /dɪkɪnzɪz nɒvəl/. Some speakers, however, may pronounce both as /ɪz/, i.e. both Dickens’ and Dickens’s as /ˈdɪkɪnzɪz/.
• To remedy ambiguity or awkwardness in either speech or print, possessives can generally be recast using of: the tails of the dogs, the paths of St. James.
• When referring to possessions of multiple people who don't share the same name, the standard, formal way to form the possessive is Jack’s and Jill’s pails. However, it is common to treat the pair of names as a noun phrase and to form the possessive of this instead, using only one ’s: Jack and Jill’s pails.
• The use of ’s to make nouns or noun phrases genitive that are seemingly already marked thus by of is widespread in English. It is nearly exclusively used with animate nouns. It may seem redundant, but it can clarify meaning. For example, “painting of the woman” can mean “painting that belongs to the woman” or “painting that depicts the woman”, but “painting of the woman’s” must mean “painting that belongs to the woman”. Though widespread, some speakers find it awkward and suggest it be avoided by rewriting sentences that would require it.
• Nouns that look and sound identical in the singular and plural still do when this suffix is attached, so “one moose” becomes “one moose’s” and “two moose” becomes “two moose’s”.

別の表記

• -s (now 一般的ではない用法; see for usage notes)
• -s- (genitival interfix)

同意語

• of

派生した語

• → Korean: 스 (-seu)

語源 2

Equivalent to -s, with addition of apostrophe.

接尾辞

-'s

1. (sometimes proscribed) Used to form the plurals of numerals, letters, some abbreviations and some nouns, usually because the omission of an apostrophe would make the meaning unclear or ambiguous.

   There are four 3’s in my phone number.

   “Banana” has three a’s and one b. (apostrophe "s" used so that the 複数形 of “a” is not confused with the word “as”)

   You can buy CD’s in that shop.

   These are the do’s and don’ts. (apostrophe "s" used as “dos” may be misread)

   10’s; 100’s; A+’s; A.U.’s; don’t’s; s’s

2. (obsolete) Used to form plurals of foreign words, to clarify pronunciation, such as “banana’s” or “pasta’s”.^[3]

   index’s

3. (proscribed) Used to form the plural of nouns that correctly take just an "s" in the plural. See greengrocer’s apostrophe.

   Apple’s 50p a pound

使用する際の注意点

The use of ’s to form plurals of initialisms or numerals is not currently recommended by most authorities, except when the meaning would otherwise be unclear. The use in foreign words was common before the 19th century, but is no longer accepted.^[3] The use of the apostrophe in any other plural (as in “apple’s”) — the so-called “greengrocer’s apostrophe” — is proscribed.

等位語

• -'d

参考

• its, it’s
• let’s
• greengrocer’s apostrophe

参照

語源 1

From Middle English -s, -es, from 古期英語 -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (複数形 endings), from earlier *-t. The spread of this ending in later Middle English was once argued to have been the result of Anglo-Norman influence; however, -as was already the most common 古期英語 plural marker (used in approximately 40% of 古期英語 nouns), and was initially more common in the North of England where French influence was weakest, only later gradually spreading south. Cognate with Scots -s (複数形 ending), Saterland Frisian -s (複数形 ending), West Frisian -s (複数形 ending), Dutch -s (複数形 ending), Low German -s (複数形 ending), Danish -er (複数形 ending), Swedish -r, -ar, -or (複数形 ending), Icelandic -ar (複数形 ending), Gothic -���� (-ōs, nominative 複数形 ending of a-stem masculine nouns) (note that German -er has a different origin).

接尾辞

-s

2. Used to form regular plurals of nouns.

   one computer → five computers

3. Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost または entirely without 単数形 forms).

   shorts

   sunglasses

5. When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of ordinals which share the same digits when some or (usually) all of those 0s are discounted; frequently used for decades or centuries.

   We often look back on the 1960s with rose-tinted glasses.

   The Industrial Revolution went into full-swing during the 1800s.

   He placed in the 200s in the end.

   We don't usually mean the whole millennium when we talk about the 2000s.

使用する際の注意点

• (regular plurals): In semi-formal or formal contexts, where the plurality of a noun depends on some unknown aspect of the sentence, the s may be parenthesised: "The winner(s) will be invited to a prize ceremony."
• (number): Decades formed with -s are usually pronounced as if they were written as two separate numbers. For example, 1970s is read as nineteen-seventies, as if it were written as 19 70s, not as *nineteen-hundred seventies or *one thousand nine hundred and seventies. A notable exception to this arose after the end of the 2000s, when the (relatively uniform) pronunciation of the years in that decade as two-thousand (and) X was continued for the following decade for some speakers. The pronunciation of the 2010s as twenty-tens largely took over at the start of that decade but has not completely replaced out the previous two-thousand (and) X pronunciation. Some speakers, when speaking retroactively about the 2000s, now apply the traditional common pronunciation to the 2000s as well: they would pronounce 2001 as twenty-oh-one instead of two-thousand (and) one.

派生した語

参考

語源 2

From Middle English -(e)s (三人称単数 ending), from Northumbrian 古期英語 -es, -as (三人称単数 endings). Gradually replaced the older -eth, from 古期英語 -(e)þ, -aþ, during the Middle English and Early Modern English periods.

It is predominantly believed that -(e)s is identical to the 古期英語 second-person singular ending -es, -est (cf. archaic Modern English -est, as in thou singest). The use for the third-person singular would have been caused by speakers of Old Norse who switched to speaking English and confounded the endings due to analogy with their native tongue. In Old Norse, the second and third person singular indicative forms were identical (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).

An alternative theory sees the shift from /θ/ in -eth to /s/ (later /z/) in -(e)s as a mere phonetic simplification due to the frequence of the ending, but the objection to this is that no such development can be observed anywhere else in English. Nevertheless the relative similarity in sound between both forms may have facilitated the spread of -es.

接尾辞

-s

1. Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs.

   to eat → he eats

使用する際の注意点

• In Standard English, the -s suffix is only used to mark the third person singular present of verbs; however, in some varieties of English, particularly northern English, Scottish, US Southern and AAVE, the -s can be extended to other persons/numbers as well, as in: I eats me spinach; I hates the Yankees; they likes it here; etc.

参考

語源 3

From Middle English -es, from 古期英語 -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns. More at -'s.

接尾辞

-s

2. Used in the formation of certain English adverbs.

   ‎forward + ‎-s → ‎forwards

   ‎downward + ‎-s → ‎downwards

   ‎alway + ‎-s → ‎always

   ‎sometime + ‎-s → ‎sometimes

   ‎betime + ‎-s → ‎betimes

   ‎while + ‎-s → ‎whiles

   ‎betide + ‎-s → ‎betides

   ‎toward + ‎-s → ‎towards

   ‎beside + ‎-s → ‎besides

   ‎evening + ‎-s → ‎evenings

   ‎unaware + ‎-s → ‎unawares

派生語

• -st

語源 4

A variant spelling of -'s, partly an archaism, partly by dropping the apostrophe.

別の表記

• -'s (on pronouns; now 一般的ではない用法)
• -es (廃れた用法)

接尾辞

-s

1. (on pronouns) Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker.

   hers; its; ones (now one’s); theirs

   (neopronouns): eirs; hirs; pers; thons; xyrs; zirs

2. (on nouns, now nonstandard) Alternative form of -'s

   devils doorbell; dogs-bane; St. Marys; (廃れた用法) kings

使用する際の注意点

• In most cases where -s is found nowadays as a possessive case marker, it is a simple misspelling of -'s. However, possessive determiners derived from personal pronouns use -s (e.g. its, not it's). The same is true of pronouns derived from possessive determiners (e.g. theirs, not their's). The possessive form of who takes -se (whose, not who's).
• Bare -s is used in some business names that derive from possessive family names, e.g. Barclays and Harrods, but compare Sainsbury’s; compare Wikipedia's article on possessives in business names. In speech, /z/ (または /s/) is sometimes added to business names which have neither -s nor -'s in writing, resulting in s-forms, which see.
• Sometimes used in place names; e.g., Harpers Ferry (formerly spelled “Harper’s Ferry”), Queens County (note that the former name of County Laois was officially “Queen’s County”, however, the apostrophe-less spelling is well-attested).

語源 5

Modern sense in slang [circa 1936]. According to OED, a colloquial clipping of the hypocoristic diminutive suffix -sy. As AHD writes, -sy itself usually being informal, ironic and/or jocular, and possibly a combination of -s (“複数形 marker”) and conflation of -y as adjectival with its sense as a diminutive suffix (e.g. puppy, kitty), the latter notion probably from Scots.

接尾辞

-s

1. (informal, colloquial, sometimes humorous) Hypocoristic suffix

   Babs; moms; pops; homes; toots

派生語

関連する語

• -sies

語源

From Proto-Germanic *-isjō, *-usjō.

発音

• IPA^(key): /s/

接尾辞

-s

1. (often affects the value または quality of preceding consonants, may または may not cause i-mutation) Feminine noun suffix forming nouns from adjectives and verbs

   ‎milde (“gentle, mild”) + ‎-s → ‎milts (“mercy”) (earlier milds)

   ‎līþe (“gentle, limber”) + ‎-s → ‎liss (“grace”) (earlier liþs)

   ‎cweþan (“to say, speak”) + ‎-s → ‎cwiss (“a saying”) (earlier cwiþs)

語形変化

別の表記

• -es' (after sibiliant consonants)

発音

• (after a vowel or a voiced consonant other than a sibilant) enPR: z, zəz, IPA^(key): /z/, /zɪz/
• (after voiceless consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, または /θ/) enPR: s, səz, IPA^(key): /s/, /sɪz/
• (after sibilant consonants /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/)
  • (Received 発音, General American, weak vowel distinction) enPR: ĭz, IPA^(key): /ɪz/
  • (General Australian, weak vowel merger) enPR: əz, IPA^(key): /əz/

不変化詞

-s’

1. Plural possessive marker (applied to words which form the 複数形 by adding -s), indicating than an object belongs to the plural noun phrase bearing the marker. (See also es'.)

   Chris’s heart leapt when she saw the expressions on her teachers’ faces. (the teacher + s’)

   their faces’ expressions (face + s’)

使用する際の注意点

• Use of the plural possessive marker -s’ is to be distinguished from use of the possessive marker -' on nouns that terminate in -s (see -' for more) and from the possessive marker -'s (which also see). Whether they are pronounced identically or differently varies between idiolects. The BBC prescribes the following distinction:^[1] (a) Dickens novel and Dickens’ novel /dɪkɪnz nɒvəl/, Dickens’s novel /dɪkɪnzɪz nɒvəl/; princess’s and princesses’ /pɹɪn.sɛs.ɪz/; i.e. adding bare ’ or -(e)s’ does not change pronunciation. Some speakers, however, may pronounce one or both as /ɪz/, i.e. Dickens’ as /ˈdɪkɪnzɪz/, princesses’ as /pɹɪn.sɛs.ɪs.ɪz/, and e.g. boys’ as /bɔɪzɪz/ (instead of the more common /bɔɪz/).

参考

• -'s
• -s

参照

接合辞

-s-

1. Genitival interfix used to link elements in some compounds, equivalent to the possessive clitic -'s.

   hogshead, kingsman, yearsworth, jobsworth, womenswear

参考

略号

/s

1. (Internet slang, tone indicator) Denotes that the preceding statement is sarcastic.

   Wow, I never would have guessed /s

参考

• /rant

参照

文字

S (upper case, lower case s, 複数形 Ss または S's)

1. The nineteenth letter of the English alphabet, called ess and written in the Latin script.

派生語

• S-curve
• S-turn
• split S

参考

• (Latin-script letters) letter; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

数

S (upper case, lower case s)

1. The ordinal number nineteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called ess and written in the Latin script.

語源 2

Abbreviation.

S

1. (stenoscript) the sound sequence /st/ in a word, e.g. it's the transcription of the suffix -ist.
2. (stenoscript) the prefix sub-

   [some manuals advise lower-case s for the prefix sub-]

3. (stenoscript) Abbreviation of south.

名詞

S

1. Initialism of south.
2. Initialism of season (group of episodes of a series).

   I watched S01 through 03. I have yet to watch the S04.

   The pilot episode is S01E01.

3. (usually clothing, 単数形 only) Initialism of small (the manufactured size または an item of that size).
4. (music) Initialism of soprano.
5. (米国用法 Library Association) Initialism of sextodecimo (book size, 15-17.5 cm in height).

形容詞

S (not comparable)

1. (usually clothing) Initialism of small (of the manufactured size).

語源 3

From the first letter of set and of stage, two fundamental concepts of the theory.

固有名詞

S

1. (set theory) An axiomatic set theory, developed by logician George Boolos, in which several of the axioms of ZF are derivable as theorems.

   S has no axiom of extensionality and identity is absent from the other S axioms.

発音

• IPA^(key): /s/

接頭辞

s-

1. (physics) subatomic particles with a spin (quantum angular momentum) of 0, predicted by supersymmetry; the bosonic equivalent of known fermions

語源 2

Abbreviation of sec- (“secondary”).

発音

• IPA^(key): /ɛs/

接頭辞

s-

1. (organic chemistry) secondary form

   Synonym: sec-

   Coordinate terms: (normal form) n-, (tertiary form) t-

派生語

形容詞

s. (not comparable)

1. Abbreviation of southern.
2. Abbreviation of single.

動詞

s/ (imperative only)

1. (informal or even humorous) Replace the following string with the one that appears after it.

   I hate you, you idiot!

   Erm, s/hate/love/ and s/idiot/lovable fellow/.

使用する際の注意点

• As in the example sentences, the string to be replaced and the string replacing it are surrounded by slashes, although sometimes the final slash is omitted. Often, the second string is followed by a g; see etymology, above.

引用

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:s/.