barkとは

語源 1

From Middle English barken, berken, borken, from 古期英語 beorcan (“to bark”), from the Proto-Germanic *berkaną (“to bark, rumble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to make a noise, growl, bark”), from *bʰer- (“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate with Icelandic berkja (“to bark, bluster”), Icelandic barki (“throat, windpipe”), dialectal Lithuanian burgė́ti (“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”), Serbo-Croatian brgljati (“to murmur”). For the noun, compare 古期英語 beorc, bearce (“barking”).

	Recorded barks of a dog.
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動詞

bark (三人称単数 現在形 barks, 現在分詞 barking, 過去形および過去分詞形 barked)

1. (intransitive) To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs (said of animals, especially dogs).

   The neighbour's dog is always barking.

   The seal barked as the zookeeper threw fish into its enclosure.

2. (intransitive) To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries.
   • 1530, Tyndale, A Pathway into the Holy Scripture.

     And therefore they bark, and say the scripture maketh heretics.

   • (Can we date this quote?), Fuller

     Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.

3. (transitive) To speak sharply.

   The sergeant barked an order.

   • 2011 January 5, Mark Ashenden, “Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC‎^[1]:

     While McCarthy prowled the touchline barking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw on Nicolas Anelka for Kalou.

使用する際の注意点

Historically, bork existed as a past tense form and borken as a past participle, but both forms are now obsolete.

同意語

• latrate (廃れた用法)

派生語

名詞

bark (複数形 barks)

1. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog, a fox, and some other animals.
2. (figuratively) An abrupt loud vocal utterance.
   • circa 1921, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, vol 11:

     Fox’s clumsy figure, negligently dressed in blue and buff, seemed unprepossessing; only his shaggy eyebrows added to the expression of his face; his voice would rise to a bark in excitement.

語源 2

From Middle English bark, from 古期英語 barc (“bark”), from Old Norse bǫrkr (“tree bark”), from Proto-Germanic *barkuz, probably related to *birkijǭ (“birch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergo- (compare Latin frāxinus (“ash”), Lithuanian béržas (“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to gleam; white”) (compare English bright); akin to Danish bark, Icelandic börkr, Low German borke and Albanian berk (“bast”).

名詞

bark (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 barks)

2. (countable, uncountable) The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree.
   • 1879, Friedrich August Flückiger & al., Pharmacographia..., p. 346:

     The hardships of bark-collecting in the primeval forests of South America are of the severest kind, and undergone only by the half-civilized Indians and people of mixed race, in the pay of speculators or companies located in the towns. Those who are engaged in the business, especially the collectors themselves, are called Cascarilleros or Cascadores, from the Spanish word Cascara, bark.

   • 2012, John Branch, “Snow Fall : The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek”, in New York Time‎^[2]:

     Moving about 70 miles per hour, it crashed through the sturdy old-growth trees, snapping their limbs and shredding bark from their trunks.

3. (medicine) Peruvian bark or Jesuit's bark, the bark of the cinchona from which quinine is produced.
5. Hard candy made in flat sheets, for instance out of chocolate, peanut butter, toffee or peppermint.
7. The crust formed on barbecued meat that has had a rub applied to it.
   • 2009, Julie Reinhardt, She-Smoke: A Backyard Barbecue Book, page 151:

     This softens the meat further, but at some loss of crunch to the bark.

使用する際の注意点

Usually uncountable; bark may be countable when referring to the barks of different types of tree.

同意語

• (exterior covering of a tree): rind

派生語

動詞

bark (三人称単数 現在形 barks, 現在分詞 barking, 過去形および過去分詞形 barked)

1. To strip the bark from; to peel.
   • 1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate

     Along the river freshly felled and barked trees told of the activity of beaver, and in slow current and in eddies the tops of their winter's food supply lay like submerged brush fences projecting above the surface.

2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from.

   to bark one’s heel

3. To girdle.
4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark.

   bark the roof of a hut

派生語

• ringbark

語源 3

From Middle English barke (“boat”), from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”),

別の表記

• barque

名詞

bark (複数形 barks)

1. (obsolete) A small sailing vessel, e.g. a pinnace or a fishing smack; a rowing boat or barge.
2. (poetic) a sailing vessel or boat of any kind.
   • circa 1609, William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116:

     It is the star to every wandering bark

   • circa 1880, among the Poems of Emily Dickinson:

     Whether my bark went down at sea, Whether she met with gales, […]

3. (nautical) A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.

アナグラム

• brak, kbar, krab