complementとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Middle English complement, from Latin complementum (“that which fills up または completes”), from compleō (“I fill up, I complete”) (English complete). Doublet of compliment.

発音

• (英国発音) IPA^(key): /ˈkɒmpləmənt/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑmpləmənt/
• Homophone: compliment (in some dialects)

名詞

complement (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 complements)

1. (now rare) Something (または someone) that completes; the consummation. [from 14th c.]
   • 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:

     perform all those works of mercy, which Clemens Alexandrinus calls amoris et amicitiæ impletionem et extentionem, the extent and complement of love […].

2. (obsolete) The act of completing something, or the fact of being complete; completion, completeness, fulfilment. [15th–18th c.]
   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto V”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

     And both encreast the prayse of woman kynde, / And both encreast her beautie excellent: / So all did make in her a perfect complement.

3. The totality, the full amount or number which completes something. [from 16th c.]
   • 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:

     Queequeg sought a passage to Christian lands. But the ship, having her full complement of seamen, spurned his suit; and not all the King his father's influence could prevail.

   • 2009, The Guardian, 30 October:

     Some 11 members of Somerton council's complement of 15 stepped down on Tuesday.

4. (obsolete) Something which completes one's equipment, dress etc.; an accessory. [16th–17th c.]
   • 1591, Edmund Spenser, “The Teares of the Muses [The Tears of the Muses]: Polyhymnia”:

     A doleful case desires a doleful song,

     Without vain art or curious complements.

   • 1599, William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

     Garnish'd and deck'd in modest complement,

   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 42, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

     A man should be judged by himselfe, and not by his complements.

5. (nautical) The whole working force of a vessel.
6. (heraldry) Fullness (of the moon). [from 17th c.]
   • 1912, Allen Phoebe, Peeps at Heraldry, p.33:

     The sixth Bishop of Ely had very curious arms, for he bore both sun and moon on his shield, the sun "in his splendour" and the moon "in her complement".

7. (astronomy, geometry) An angle which, together with a given angle, makes a right angle. [from 18th c.]
8. Something which completes, something which combines with something else to make up a complete whole; loosely, something perceived to be a harmonious or desirable partner or addition. [from 19th c.]
   • 1854, James Stephen, On Desultory and Systematic Reading

     History is the complement of poetry.

   • 1962 October, Brian Haresnape, “Focus on B.R. passenger stations”, in Modern Railways, page 255:

     It would be too much to imagine that improving stations will alone create a much needed new image in the public eye; a smartly turned out station staff is a very necessary complement to a smart station.

   • 2009, The Guardian, 13 December:

     London's Kings Place, now one year old, established itself as a venue for imaginative programming, a complement to the evergreen Wigmore Hall.

10. (grammar, linguistics) A word or group of words that completes a grammatical construction in the predicate and that describes or is identified with the subject or object. [from 19th c.]
    • 1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 7, in Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 340:

      Why has our grammar broken down at this point? It is not difficult to see why. For, we have failed to make any provision for the fact that only some Verbs in English (i.e. Verbs like those italicized in (5) (a), traditionally called Transitive Verbs) subcategorize ( = ‘takeʼ) an immediately following NP Complement, whereas others (such as those italicised in (5) (b), traditionally referred to as Intransitive Verbs) do not.

11. (music) An interval which, together with the given interval, makes an octave. [from 19th c.]
12. (optics) The color which, when mixed with the given color, gives black (for mixing pigments) or white (for mixing light). [from 19th c.]

    The complement of blue is orange.

13. (set theory) Given two sets, the set containing one set's elements that are not members of the other set (whether a relative complement または an absolute complement). [from 20th c.]

    The complement of the odd numbers is the even numbers, relative to the natural numbers.

14. (immunology) One of several blood proteins that work with antibodies during an immune response. [from 20th c.]
16. (logic) An expression related to some other expression such that it is true under the same conditions that make other false, and vice versa. [from 20th c.]
17. (electronics) A voltage level with the opposite logical sense to the given one.
18. (computing) A bit with the opposite value to the given one; the logical complement of a number.
19. (computing, mathematics) The diminished radix complement of a number; the nines' complement of a decimal number; the ones' complement of a binary number.

    The complement of ${\displaystyle 01100101_{2}}$ is ${\displaystyle 10011010_{2}}$.

20. (computing, mathematics) The radix complement of a number; the two's complement of a binary number.

    The complement of ${\displaystyle 01100101_{2}}$ is ${\displaystyle 10011011_{2}}$.

21. (computing, mathematics) The numeric complement of a number.

    The complement of −123 is 123.

22. (genetics) A nucleotide sequence in which each base is replaced by the complementary base of the given sequence: adenine (A) by thymine (T) or uracil (U), cytosine (C) by guanine (G), and vice versa.

    A DNA molecule is formed from two strands, each of which is the complement of the other.

23. Obsolete spelling or misspelling of compliment.
    • c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

      A man of complements

24. (biochemistry) Synonym of alexin
25. (economics) Abbreviation of complementary good.

派生語

関連する語

動詞

complement (三人称単数 現在形 complements, 現在分詞 complementing, 過去形および過去分詞形 complemented)

1. To complete, to bring to perfection, to make whole.

   We believe your addition will complement the team.

2. To provide what the partner lacks and lack what the partner provides, thus forming part of a whole.

   The flavors of the pepper and garlic complement each other, giving a very rich taste in combination.

   I believe our talents really complement each other.

3. To change a voltage, number, color, etc. to its complement.
4. (obsolete) Old form of compliment

参考

参照

• DeLone et. al. (Eds.) (1975). Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. →ISBN.