hawkとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (英国発音) enPR: hôk, IPA^(key): /hɔːk/
• (米国発音) enPR: hôk, IPA^(key): /hɔk/
• (cot–caught merger) enPR: häk, IPA^(key): /hɑk/
• 韻: -ɔːk
• Homophone: hock (accents with cot-caught merger)

語源 1

From Middle English hauk, hauke, hawke, havek, from 古期英語 hafoc (“hawk”), from Proto-West Germanic *habuk, from Proto-Germanic *habukaz (compare West Frisian hauk, German Low German Haavke, Dutch havik, German Habicht, Swedish hök, Danish høg, Norwegian Bokmål hauk, Norwegian Nynorsk hauk, Faroese heykur, Icelandic haukur), from Proto-Indo-European *kopuǵos (compare Latin capys, capus (“bird of prey”), Albanian gabonjë, shkabë (“eagle”), Russian ко́бец (kóbec, “falcon”), Polish kobuz (“Eurasian Hobby”)), perhaps ultimately derived from *keh₂p- (“seize”).

名詞

hawk (複数形 hawks)

1. A diurnal predatory bird of the family Accipitridae, smaller than an eagle.

   It is illegal to hunt hawks or other raptors in many parts of the world.

   • c. 1503–1512, John Skelton, Ware the Hauke; republished in John Scattergood, editor, John Skelton: The Complete English Poems, 1983, →OCLC, lines 47–48, page 63:

     He made his hawke to fly,
     With hogeous showte and cry.

2. Any diurnal predatory terrestrial bird of similar size and appearance to the accipitrid hawks, such as a falcon.
3. (entomology) Any of various species of dragonfly of the genera Apocordulia and Austrocordulia, endemic to Australia.
4. (politics) An advocate of aggressive political positions and actions. [from 1962]

   Synonyms: warmonger, war hawk

   Antonym: dove

   • 1990, Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game, Folio Society, published 2010, page 106:

     A hawk by nature, Ellenborough strongly favoured presenting St Petersburg with an ultimatum warning that any further incursions into Persia would be regarded as a hostile act.

   • 2012 October 11 [1962], Michael Dobbs, quoting McGeorge Bundy, “The original hawks and doves”, in Foreign Policy‎^[1]:

     “Everybody knows who were the hawks and who were the doves,” Bundy told the ExComm on the morning of October 28, after Khrushchev announced that he was withdrawing his missiles. “Today was the day of the doves.”

   • 2019, “The World in 2020”, in The Economist:

     President Donald Trump has spent years playing the role of a China hawk.

5. (game theory) An uncooperative or purely-selfish participant in an exchange or game, especially when untrusting, acquisitive or treacherous. Refers specifically to the Prisoner's Dilemma, alias the Hawk-Dove game.

   Antonym: dove

下位語

派生語

関連する語

関連する語

• creshawk
• goshawk
• sparhawk

派生した語

• Sranan Tongo: aka

動詞

hawk (三人称単数 現在形 hawks, 現在分詞 hawking, 過去形および過去分詞形 hawked)

1. (transitive) To hunt with a hawk.
   • c. 1503–1512, John Skelton, Ware the Hauke; republished in John Scattergood, editor, John Skelton: The Complete English Poems, 1983, →OCLC, lines 9–10, page 62:

     To hawke, or els to hunt
     From the auter to the funt

   • 2003, Brenda Joyce, House of Dreams, page 175:

     He rode astride while hawking; she falconed in the ladylike position of sidesaddle.

2. (intransitive) To make an attack while on the wing; to soar and strike like a hawk.

   to hawk at flies

   • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

     A falcon, towering in her pride of place, / Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed.

   • 1687, [John Dryden], “(please specify the page number(s))”, in The Hind and the Panther. A Poem, in Three Parts, 2nd edition, London: Printed for Jacob Tonson […], →OCLC:

     But whether upward to the moon they go, Or dream the winter out in caves below, Or hawk at flies elsewhere

   • 1999, Simpson and Day, The Birds of Australia, page 366:

     Dollarbirds hawk from high bare branches.

派生語

• hawk after
• hawk at
• hawk for
• hawker
• hawking

語源 2

Uncertain; perhaps from Middle English hache (“battle-axe”), or from a variant use of the above.

名詞

hawk (複数形 hawks)

1. A plasterer's tool, made of a flat surface with a handle below, used to hold an amount of plaster prior to application to the wall or ceiling being worked on: a mortarboard.

   Synonym: mortarboard

派生語

• hawk boy, hawk-boy

語源 3

Back-formation from hawker.

動詞

hawk (三人称単数 現在形 hawks, 現在分詞 hawking, 過去形および過去分詞形 hawked)

1. (transitive) To sell; to offer for sale by outcry in the street; to carry (merchandise) about from place to place for sale; to peddle.

   The vendors were hawking their wares from little tables lining either side of the market square.

   • 1713, Jonathan Swift, Imitation of Horace, Book I. Ep. VII.

     His works were hawked in every street.

派生語

• hawked
• hawkery
• hawking
• hawky

関連する語

• hawker

語源 4

Onomatopoeic.

名詞

hawk (複数形 hawks)

1. A noisy effort to force up phlegm from the throat.

同意語

• hawking (noun)

動詞

hawk (三人称単数 現在形 hawks, 現在分詞 hawking, 過去形および過去分詞形 hawked)

2. (transitive, intransitive) To expectorate, to cough up something from one's throat.
   • c. 1603 (date written), Iohn Marston, The Malcontent, London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for William Aspley, […], published 1604, →OCLC, Act II, scene ii:

     [I]s a trobled with the cough a the Lunges ſtill? does he hawke anights ſtill?

   • 1751, [Tobias] Smollett, chapter XVI, in The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle […], volume I, London: Harrison and Co., […], published 1781, →OCLC, page 117:

     He hawked up, with incredible straining, the interjection ah!

   • 1953, Saul Bellow, chapter 3, in The Adventures of Augie March, New York: Viking Press, →OCLC:

     He had a new tough manner of pulling down breath and hawking into the street.

3. (transitive, intransitive) To try to cough up something from one's throat; to clear the throat loudly.

   Grandpa sat on the front porch, hawking and wheezing, as he packed his pipe with cheap tobacco.

派生語

• hawking (noun)

参考

• Hawkshaw, hawkshaw
• Hawkubite
• winkle-hawk

Further reading

• hawk on Wikipedia.