howとは

発音

• (Received 発音, General American) enPR: hou, IPA^(key): /haʊ/
• (General New Zealand, General Australian) IPA^(key): /hæo/
• 韻: -aʊ

語源 1

From Middle English how, hou, hu, hwu, 古期英語 hū, from Proto-Germanic *hwō, from the same root as hwæt (“who, what”). /hw/ > /h/ due to wh-cluster reduction in 古期英語; compare who, which underwent this change later, and thus is spelt wh (Middle English spelling of /hw/) but pronounced /h/ (it previously had a different vowel, hence avoided the spelling かつ sound change in 古期英語). Vowel change per Great Vowel Shift.

Akin to Scots hoo, foo (“how”), Saterland Frisian wo (“how”), West Frisian hoe (“how”), Low German ho, wo, wu (“how”), Dutch hoe (“how”), German wie (“how”), Swedish hur (“how”). See who and compare why.

副詞

how (not comparable)

1. To what degree.
   • 1898, Winston Churchill, chapter 4, in The Celebrity:

     No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or otherwise his man would be there with a message to say that his master would shortly join me if I would kindly wait.

   How often do you practice?

2. In what manner.
   • 2013 August 3, “Boundary problems”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

     Economics is a messy discipline: too fluid to be a science, too rigorous to be an art. Perhaps it is fitting that economists’ most-used metric, gross domestic product (GDP), is a tangle too. […] But as a foundation for analysis it is highly subjective: it rests on difficult decisions about what counts as a territory, what counts as output and how to value it. Indeed, economists are still tweaking it.

   How do you solve this puzzle?   How else can we get this finished?

3. Used as a modifier to indicate surprise, delight, or other strong feelings.

   How very interesting!   How wonderful it was to receive your invitation.

4. In what state.

   How are you?

   How was your vacation?

5. (informal) That.

   I told them how I'd been at home all day and not heard a thing.

使用する際の注意点

• See usage notes on else (adverb).
• How good is it? means "To what extent is it good?", whereas How is it good? means "In what manner is it good?". Likewise, I know how good it is means "I know the extent to which it is good", whereas I know how it is good means "I know the manner in which it is good".

派生語

名詞

how (複数形 hows)

1. The means by which something is accomplished.

   I am not interested in the why, but in the how.

   • 1924, Joseph Rickaby, Studies on God and His Creatures, page 102:

     It is an a posteriori argument, evincing the fact, but not the how.

   • 2008 March 21, The New York Times, “Movie Guide and Film Series”, in New York Times‎^[1]:

     A wham-bam caper flick, efficiently directed by Roger Donaldson, that fancifully revisits the mysterious whos and speculative hows of a 1971 London bank heist.

接続詞

how

1. In which way; in such way.

   I remember how to solve this puzzle.

2. That, the fact that, the way that.
   • 2010 April 24, Jesse McKinley, “Don’t Call It ‘Pot’ in This Circle; It’s a Profession”, in The New York Times, page A1:

     “There’s this real Al Capone fear that they’re going to get our guys, not on marijuana, but on something else,” Mr. Edson said, referring to how Capone was eventually charged with tax evasion rather than criminal activity.

語源 2

From a Siouan language, compare Lakota háu. Alternatively from Wyandot haau.

間投詞

how!

1. A greeting, used in representations of Native American speech.

語源 3

From Old Norse haugr.

名詞

how (複数形 hows)

1. (dialectal) An artificial barrow or tumulus.
2. (dialectal) A small hill in northern England. (Usage preserved mainly in place names.)

参照

• how in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
• “how” in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
• how at OneLook Dictionary Search

アナグラム

• WHO, Who, who