英和和英

語源

From Latin plēbs (“the plebeian class”), variant of earlier plēbēs. Later also understood as the plural of pleb.

発音

• IPA: /plɛbz/
• 韻: -ɛbz

名詞

plebs

1. plural of pleb

名詞

plebs pl (plural only)

1. (historical) The plebeian class of Ancient Rome.

   Synonym: plebeiate

   • c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv], line 92:

     Why I am going with my pidgeons to the tribunall Plebs.

2. The common people, especially (derogatory) the mob.

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:commonalty

   • a. 1657, George Daniel, "The Author" in Poems, Vol. II, p. 131:

     For 'tis an Easier Thing
     To make Trees Leape, and Stones selfe-burthens bring
     (As once Amphion to the walls of Thæbes,)
     Then Stop the giddie Clamouring of Plebs...

   • 1993, Max Cavalera, "Refuse/Resist", Sepultura, Chaos A.D.

     Chaos A.D. / Tanks On The Streets / Confronting Police / Bleeding The Plebs

   • 2000, James Fentress, chapter 1, in Rebels & Mafiosi: Death in a Sicilian Landscape:

     The history of Palermo was punctuated by such uprisings; when they happened, the great barons simply fled to the safety of their country villas, leaving the urban plebs free to sack their palaces in the city.

   • 2009, Erica Benner, chapter 8, in Machiavelli's Ethics:

     The lesser plebs are not unscrupulous troublemakers.

使用する際の注意点

Although the Latin plebs was usually declined as a singular group noun, English plebs is usually treated as grammatically plural in all its senses.

派生語

• plebiscite
• tribune of the plebs

関連する語

• plebeian, plebe, pleb

参照

• “plebs, n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 2006.

語源

From Old Latin plēbēs and ultimately from the root *pleh₁- (“fill”), though the exact development of the term is unclear.

• According to Schrijver, the term derives from the same pre-form as Ancient Greek πληθύς (plēthús), which Schrijver derives from a hysterodynamic form *pléh₁dʰuh₁(s) (acc sg, *pl̥h₁dʰwéh₁m̥; gen sg, *pl̥h₁dʰuh₁ós). Schrijver suggests that Proto-Italic outcome of this sequence was *plēðūs, *plēðēm, *plēðes, wherein the oblique forms were generalized from the PIE accusative singular form. Ultimately, the inflectional pattern of such a form would be synchronically irregular, perhaps leading to a remodeling. The term was reshaped into a fifth-declension form on the basis of the accusative singular *plēðēm, just as diēs was created on the model of diēm.
• Kortlandt, however, argues that Proto-Indo-European *-dʰw- would evolve into Latin -b-, whereas intervocalic *-dʰ- yields Latin -d- (e.g. Latin vidua < Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰéwh₂). Thus, Kortlandt reconstructs an original proterodynamic paradigm. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *plēðū- ~ *plēðw-, itself from Proto-Indo-European *pléh₁dʰ-uh₁- (acc sg, *-uh₁m̥; gen sg, *-weh₁s).
• The linguist Dariusz Piwowarczyk reconstructs an original u-stem *pleh₁dʰ-us ~ *pleh₁dʰwe/os, the oblique stem of which yielded plēbis, whence the nominative singulars plēbs and plēbēs emerged via back-formation. Piwowarczyk further suggests possible contamination from pūbēs.

Cognate with Oscan 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 (plífriks, “plebeian”, nom. sg.), perhaps derived from Proto-Italic *plēðros (adjective). It is also possibly related to Venetic 𐌐𐌋𐌄𐌃⸱𐌄⸱𐌉 (pled⸱e⸱i). See also Latin populus and the Greek-origin borrowing plēthōra.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈpɫeːps]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈplɛbs]

名詞

plēbs f (genitive plēbis); third declension

1. (uncountable) plebeians, plebs, common people
   • 4th-5th century AD [2nd century BC], Servius, quoting Cassius Hemina, Annals, quoted in In Vergilii Aeneidos Libros:

     'circum fremunt': quidam hoc loco 'fremunt' id est imperia recusant intellegunt, ut apud Cassium in annalium secundo “ne quis regnum occuparet, si plebs nostra fremere imperia coepisset” , id est recusare.

     "circum fremunt': Some in this place understand that they 'grumble' that is, protest commands, as Cassius in the second book of Annals: "lest anyone seize power, if the plebs started to 'grumble' our commands", that is, to protest.

2. (countable and uncountable) populace, population, stock
   • 4 CE – c. 70 CE, Columella, De Re Rustica 9.11:

     Quod si nullam progeniem tulerint favi, duas vel tres alv(e)orum plebes in unam contribuere licebit, sed prius respersas dulci liquore

     • 1954 translation by E. S. Forster, Edward H. Heffner

       But if the combs have produced no offspring, it will be open to you to bring together the population of two or three hives into one, but only after they have been sprinkled with sweet liquid

3. (Late Latin, countable and uncountable, Christianity) laity, congregation, parish
   • 396 CE, Augustine of Hippo, Letters 33.4:

     aut si per epistolas agi placet, ipsae plebibus recitentur, ut aliquando non plebes, sed plebs una dicatur.

     or if you prefer the discussion to be carried out by letters, let them be read to the congregations, so that at length they may be called not "congregations", but one congregation.

使用する際の注意点

Alongside plēbs, the older nominative singular form plēbēs f sg continued to be used with singular verb and adjective agreement in authors such as Cicero and Livy. In Livy, plēbēs is sometimes used instead as the subject of a plural verb; in such cases, it is ambiguous whether the noun itself is plural, or singular with the verb showing notional agreement (as sometimes seen with collective nouns such as populus). The first unambiguously plural form to be attested is accusative plēbēs, found in Columella and later in Apuleius. Plural genitive, dative, and ablative forms are not attested in Classical Latin, but can be found from Late Latin onwards.

Other old forms with continued use include a fifth-declension genitive singular plēbē̆ī or plēbī (versus third-declension plēbis) and a fifth-declension dative singular plēbē̆ī (versus plēbī). By the end of the first century BC, the use of fifth declension forms seems to have been an archaism.

The earliest attested use of the nominative singular form plēbs is found in a fragment attributed by Servius to the historian Cassius Hemina, who wrote in the second century BC; it is not found on inscriptions until Augustus.

語形変化

Third-declension noun (i-stem or imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

The non-i-stem variant is found in Medieval Latin.

派生語

派生した語

参照

Further reading

• “plebs”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “plebs”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "plebs", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “plebs”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • one of the people: homo plebeius, de plebe
    
  • to get oneself admitted as a plebeian: traduci ad plebem (Att. 1. 18. 4)
    
  • to transfer oneself from the patrician to the plebeian order: transitio ad plebem (Brut. 16. 62)
    
  • to transfer oneself from the patrician to the plebeian order: traductio ad plebem
    
  • to stir up the lower classes: plebem concitare, sollicitare
    
  • to hold the people in one's power, in check: plebem continere
    
  • (ambiguous) the dregs of the people: faex populi, plebis, civitatis
    
  • (ambiguous) a demagogue, agitator: plebis dux, vulgi turbator, civis turbulentus, civis rerum novarum cupidus
    
  • (ambiguous) the plebeian tribunes, whose persons are inviolable: tribuni plebis sacrosancti (Liv. 3. 19. 10)
    
  • (ambiguous) to appeal to the plebeian tribunes against a praetor's decision: appellare tribunos plebis (in aliqua re a praetore) (Liv. 2. 55)
    
• “plebs”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1911), “plēbs”, in Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), page 494
• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “plēbs”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 9: Placabilis–Pyxis, page 55
• Walde, Alois; Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1954), “plēbēs”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, pages 320-321
• Ernout, Alfred; Meillet, Antoine (1985), “plēbs, plēps”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots‎ (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections of Jacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published 2001, pages 909-910