英和和英

語源

From 中期英語 presumpcioun, presumption, from Old French presumption and its etymon Latin praesūmptiō.

発音

• IPA: /pɹɪˈzʌmp.ʃən/
• 韻: -ʌmpʃən
• ハイフネーション: pre‧sump‧tion

名詞

presumption (countable and uncountable, plural presumptions)

1. The act of presuming, or something presumed.
   • 1832, Thomas De Quincey, “James's History of Charlemagne”, in Blackwood's Magazine:

     Yet, in contradiction to all these very plausible presumptions, even this remote period teems with its own peculiar and separate instruction.

2. The belief of something based upon reasonable evidence, or upon something known to be true.

   Coordinate terms: see Thesaurus:supposition

   The presumption is that an event has taken place.

   • 1711 December 8 (Gregorian calendar), [Jonathan Swift], The Conduct of the Allies, and of the Late Ministry, in Beginning and Carrying on the Present War, 4th edition, London: […] John Morphew […], published 1711, →OCLC, page 33:

     I have here imputed the Continuance of the War to the mutual Indulgence between our General and Allies, wherein they both so well found their Accounts; to the Fears of the Mony-changers, left their Tables should be overthrown; to the Designs of the Whigs, who apprehended the Loss of their Credit and Employments in a Peace; and to those at home, who held their immoderate Engrossments of Power and Favour, by no other Tenure than their own Presumption upon the Necessity of Affairs.

3. The condition upon which something is presumed.
4. (dated) Arrogant behaviour; the act of venturing beyond due bounds of reverence or respect.
   • c. 1587–1588 (date written), [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:

     Note the preſumption of this Scythian ſlaue:
     I tel thee villaine, thoſe that lead my horſe
     Haue to their names tytles of dignitie,
     And dar’ſt thou bluntly cal me Baiazeth?

   • c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene vi]:

     Thy son I killed for his presumption.

   • 1693, John Dryden, “[The Dedication]”, in The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis. Translated into English Verse. […] Together with the Satires of Aulus Persius Flaccus. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson […], →OCLC, page ii:

     […] yet even then, I had the preſumption to Dedicate to your Lordſhip: A very unfiniſh'd Piece […]

   • 1813 January 27, [Jane Austen], chapter XIV, in Pride and Prejudice: […], volume III, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 246:

     “Let me be rightly understood. This match, to which you have the presumption to aspire, can never take place. No, never. Mr. Darcy is engaged to my daughter. Now what have you to say?”

   • 1815 December (indicated as 1816), [Jane Austen], chapter 16, in Emma: […], volume I, London: […] [Charles Roworth and James Moyes] for John Murray, →OCLC:

     “If I had not persuaded Harriet into liking the man, I could have borne any thing. He might have doubled his presumption to me—but poor Harriet!”

5. (law) An inference that a trier of fact is either permitted or required to draw under certain factual circumstances (as prescribed by statute or case law) unless the party against whom the inference is drawn is able to rebut it with admissible, competent evidence.
   • Bandini Petroleum Co. v. Superior Court, 284 U.S. 8, 18–19 (1931)

     The state, in the exercise of its general power to prescribe rules of evidence, may provide that proof of a particular fact, or of several facts taken collectively, shall be prima facie evidence of another fact when there is some rational connection between the fact proved and the ultimate fact presumed. The legislative presumption is invalid when it is entirely arbitrary, or creates an invidious discrimination, or operates to deprive a party of a reasonable opportunity to present the pertinent facts in his defense.

同意語

• overhope

派生語

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