英和和英

語源

Inherited from 古期英語 wyrċan, from a combination of Proto-West Germanic *wurkijan (from Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti) and Proto-West Germanic *wirkijan (from Proto-Germanic *wirkijaną); roughly equivalent to werk (“action, labour”) +‎ -en (infinitival suffix).

Forms with /ɛ/ reflect both the East Anglian, East Saxon, and Kentish development of 古期英語 /y/ and influence from the noun werk (also evident in forms with /k/, though these could be generalised from the 古期英語 singular present indicative forms wyrcst, wyrcþ).

発音

• IPA: /ˈwurt͡ʃən/ (mainly Southern, South Midland), /ˈwirt͡ʃən/ (mainly South Midland)
• IPA: /ˈwɛrt͡ʃən/, /ˈwɛrkən/ (especially East Anglia, East Saxon, Kent)
• IPA: /wirk/ (mainly Northern, Northeast Midland)

動詞

worchen (third-person singular simple present worcheth, present participle worchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative wroghte, past participle wroght)

1. To perform or accomplish: to carry out:
   1. To cause or bring about; to put into effect.
   2. To practice or maintain; to perform habitually.
2. To create or generate; to bring into existence:
   1. To produce; to create a product, preparation, or work.
   2. To build or erect; to create a structure.
   3. (passive voice) To adorn, depict, or inscribe.
   4. (rare) To institute or form (an institution)
3. To act or behave (in a certain way):
   1. To affect or influence; to act upon.
   2. To operate; to be efficacious or effective.
4. To toil or labour (usually physically):
   1. To work in a craft, discipline, or occupation.
   2. To work on (a structure or excavation)
   3. To work with; to manipulate or process.
   4. (uncommon) To have sex; to copulate.
   5. (uncommon) To calculate; to perform arithmetic.
5. To convert or change; to make into another thing.
6. (rare) To harass or afflict; to cause trouble to.
7. (rare) To utilise or employ; to put into use.

Conjugation

派生した語

• English: work
  • Sranan Tongo: wroko
    • Aukan: woóko
    • Saramaccan: woóko
    • → Kari'na: woroko
    • → Trió: oroko, joroko
  • → Cantonese: work (adjective)
• Middle Scots: wirk
  • Scots: wirk, wark, work

参照

• “werken, v.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• McIntosh, Angus; Samuels, M[ichael] L.; Benskin, Michael (2013) [1986], Michael Benskin, Margaret Laing, editors, eLALME: A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English‎, Edinburgh: Angus McIntosh Centre for Historical Linguistics; revised November 2024.