英和和英

別の表記

• -eng, -enge, -ing, -inge, -ingue, -inng, -yng
• -ung, -unge (Early Middle English)

発音

• IPA: /-inɡ(ə)/
• IPA: /-unɡ(ə)/ (Early Middle English, also)

接尾辞

-ynge

1. Forms gerunds or verbal nouns from verbs, usually referring to an action, but also in the following extended senses:
   1. An effect or result of an action.
   2. Something affected or originating from an action.
   3. Permission or capability to perform an action.
   4. Where or when an action occurs.
   5. Something that performs an action or used to perform an action.
2. Forms collective nouns from verbs, especially referring to a supply or reserve.

使用する際の注意点

• During the Early Middle English period, terms formed with this suffix become modifiable by adverbs and capable of taking an object complement, thus acquiring a more verbal character than the Old English verbal noun in -ing, -ung, perhaps due to the influence of the present participle (see Etymology 2 below) and inflected infinitive in -enne or similar constructions in Old French.
• As in both Old English and Modern English, the verbal noun's subject is often in the genitive; the scholeres lernynge ("the scholar's learning").

派生語

派生した語

• English: -ing, -in', -in
• Middle Scots: -ing, -yng
  • Scots: -in, -in', -ing
• Yola: -een, -en

参照

• “-ing(e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 27 June 2018.
• Mustanoja, Tauno F. (1960), “Non-finite Forms of the Verb”, in A Middle English Syntax (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki; 23), volume I: Parts of Speech, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, pages 566-578; republished at Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016, →DOI, →ISBN.

語源 2

Inherited from 古期英語 -ende, from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz, from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.

Forms in -yng(e), -ing(e) are influenced by Etymology 1, perhaps supported by dissimilation of successive /nd/ sequences in forms such as fondende (“testing”) or the function of Old French -ant as a suffix for both the verbal noun and participle, those in -and(e) are influenced by Old Norse -andi, while those in -inde, ynde are either the result of a sound change, or more likely, generalised from verbs in -ien with heavy roots.

別の表記

• -ing, -inge, -ingge, -yng, -yngge
• -end, -ende, -inde, -ynde (especially Early Middle English)
• -and, -ande (especially Northern, North Midlands)

発音

• IPA: /-inɡ(ə)/ (not Early Scots)
• IPA: /-in/ (Northern or Late Middle English)
• IPA: /-ɛnd(ə)/ (especially Early Middle English, Kent or Norfolk), /-ind(ə)/ (especially Early Middle English or West Midland)
• IPA: /-an(d)/, /-and(ə)/ (especially Northern, North Midland, older London, or Norfolk)

接尾辞

-ynge

1. equivalent of English -ing; forms the present participle.

派生した語

• English: -ing, -in', -in (fossilised -and, -ant)
• Middle Scots: -and, -an
  • Scots: -in, -an

参照

• “-ing(e, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• d'Ardenne, S[imonne] R. T. O. (1961) [1936], “Language”, in Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (Early English Text Society; 248), London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, § 54, pages 202-203.
• Jordan, Richard (1974),  Eugene Crook, transl., Handbook of the Middle English Grammar: Phonology (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 218)‎, The Hague: Mouton & Co. N.V., →DOI, § 174, page 162.
• McIntosh, Angus; Samuels, M[ichael] L.; Benskin, Michael (2013) [1986], Michael Benskin, Margaret Laing, editors, eLALME: A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English‎, Edinburgh: Angus McIntosh Centre for Historical Linguistics; revised November 2024.
• Mustanoja, Tauno F. (1960), “Non-finite Forms of the Verb”, in A Middle English Syntax (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki; 23), volume I: Parts of Speech, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, page 548; republished at Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016, →DOI, →ISBN.
• Onions, C[harles] T., Friedrichsen, G. W. S., and Burchfield, R[obert] W., editors (1966), “-ing”, in The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology‎, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 474, column 2; reprinted 1994.
• Samuels, M[ichael] L.; Smith, J[eremy] J. (1981), “The Language of Gower”, in Neuphilologische Mitteilungen‎, volume 82, number 3, Helsinki: Modern Language Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 298.

語源 3

接尾辞

-ynge

1. alternative form of -yng