英和和英

別の表記

• -ian, -ion, -ione, -ioun, -yen, -yone, -youn

発音

• IPA: /-iˈɛːn/, /-i.ɛn/, /-i.ən/, /-jɛn/, /-jən/

接尾辞

-ien

1. Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian.

使用する際の注意点

• Before this ending, /k/ becomes /s/; for instance, musike /miu̯ˈziːk(ə)/ + -ien becomes musicien /miu̯ˌzisiˈɛːn/.

派生語

派生した語

• English: -ian
• Scots: -ian

参照

• “-ien, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

語源 2

<ul class="etymonid" data-lang="enm" id="Middle_English:_infinitival" data-id="infinitival" data-title="-ien" data-ety-tree-json="{ " : infinitival, children [ { terms verbal, suf, collective nouns, ], status ok, lang_name proto-indo-european, term *-h₂, lang ine-pro } keyword_label from, keyword from *-éh₂, }, intransitive verbs, *-yéti, is_group true, affix *-eh₂yéti, factitive verb, *-h₂ti, [[appendix:glossary#inherited|inherited]] inherited proto-germanic, *-ōną, gem-pro proto-west germanic, *-ōn, gmw-pro *-ōjan, old english, -ian, ang is_duplicate 1 ang, 2 :inh, 3 gmw-pro:*-ōjan ", "id" : "verbal" }, "lang_name" : "古期英語", "term" : "-ian", "lang" : "ang" } ], "keyword_label" : "[[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "中期英語", "term" : "-ien", "lang" : "enm" }">

A conflation of two originally distinct suffixes:

• The 古期英語 weak class 2 suffix -ian, -iġan, by syncope from earlier *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.
• The suffix -ian, -ġan in 古期英語 verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and exceptionally in swerian, a verb of strong class 6 with a j-present and root ending in -r), from Proto-West Germanic *-jan, *-ijan, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.

別の表記

• -ey, -i, -ie, -y, -ye, -yen, -yȝe
• -eȝe, -eȝen, -iæn, -iȝe, -iȝen, -in (Early Middle English)

発音

• IPA: /-i.ən/, /-jən/, (originally especially after heavy stems) /-iːn/
• (with loss of final /n/) IPA: /-jə/, (originally especially after heavy stems) /-iː/

接尾辞

-ien

1. (Early Middle English, later Kent, Southern and Southwest Midland) Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs.

使用する際の注意点

• -en is often used in place of this suffix in the North and East Midlands already in Early Middle English; this is perhaps due to syncope, but Old Norse influence (the cognates of Old English verbs with -ian had -a) or analogy with strong and class 1 weak verbs is also possible. In the varieties where it remained in use in Early Middle English, this suffix was employed with those verbs where it was etymologically justified (see above); like its weak class 2 predecessor in Old English, it was also the productive method for forming new verbs and thus was added to most verbs borrowed from Old French and Old Norse.
• After the Early Middle English period, this suffix is no longer found in East Midland or Northern Middle English and begins to be replaced with -en/-e in both new borrowings or formations and existing verbs with this suffix in the West Midlands, mostly disappearing by the end of the Middle English period. Although some loss of this suffix occurs in Southern Middle English, it retains more vitality and even starts to be applied indiscriminately to intransitive verbs by the Late Middle English period; much of this apparent loss is presumably an artifact of the East Midland norm's increasing influence upon the written language given its persistence of -y in modern West Country traditional dialects. This process of loss is presumably attributable both to the influence of dialects where it was lost and the reduction of the prevocalic form -in/-ien to -en, though it remains more common in some verbs than others (particularly adaptations of Old French verbs in -ir).
• Due to a change of /i.ə/ to /iː/ after heavy syllables (those with a long vowel or two or more final consonants), some varieties (e.g. the West Midlands dialect of the Ancrene Wisse and the Kentish one of the Ayenbite of Inwit) come to distinguish between -ie/-ien in heavy syllables and -in/-i/-y in light syllables. However, this distinction is effaced in the later language, which adopts -y (or -en) in all circumstances.
• In some later varieties, there is a tendency to use -i/-y before consonants, but -in/-ien, or later, -en before vowels; this may be compared to the alternation between e.g. a and an.

派生語

• -iere

派生した語

• English: -y, -ee (dialectal, West Country)

参照

• “-ien, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• d'Ardenne, S[imonne] R. T. O. (1961) [1936], “Language”, in Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (Early English Text Society; 248), London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, § 114, page 237.
• Brunner, Karl (1963), Grahame Johnson, transl., An Outline of Middle English Grammar‎, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, translation of Abriss der mittelenglischen Grammatik (in German), →ISBN, →OCLC, § 70, page 81; reprinted 1965.
• Jordan, Richard (1974),  Eugene Crook, transl., Handbook of the Middle English Grammar: Phonology (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 218)‎, The Hague: Mouton & Co. N.V., →DOI, § 138, page 141.
• Logan, H[arry] M. (1973), “V. Grammar”, in The dialect of the Life of Saint Katherine: A linguistic study of the phonology and inflections (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 130), The Hague: Mouton, →OCLC, § 55, page 190.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1929), “Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad”, in H. W. Garrod, compiler, Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association‎, volume 14, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 118.