英和和英

別の表記

• -ian, -ion, -ione, -ioun, -yen, -yone, -youn

発音

• IPA: /-iˈɛːn/, /-i.ɛn/, /-i.ən/, /-jɛn/, /-jən/

接尾辞

-ien

1. Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian.

使用する際の注意点

• Before this ending, /k/ becomes /s/; for instance, musike /miu̯ˈziːk(ə)/ + -ien becomes musicien /miu̯ˌzisiˈɛːn/.

派生語

派生した語

• English: -ian
• Scots: -ian

参照

• “-ien, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

語源 2

A conflation of two originally distinct suffixes:

• The 古期英語 weak class 2 suffix -ian, -iġan, by syncope from earlier *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.
• The suffix -ian, -ġan in 古期英語 verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and exceptionally in swerian, a verb of strong class 6 with a j-present and root ending in -r), from Proto-West Germanic *-jan, *-ijan, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.

Additionally, some verbs borrowed from Old Norse and Old French (especially verbs in -ir) or formed anew have adopted this suffix.

別の表記

• -ey, -i, -ie, -y, -ye, -yen, -yȝe
• -eȝe, -eȝen, -iæn, -iȝe, -iȝen, -in (Early Middle English)

発音

• IPA: /-i.ən/, /-jən/, (originally especially after heavy stems) /-iːn/
• (with loss of final /n/) IPA: /-jə/, (originally especially after heavy stems) /-iː/

接尾辞

-ien

1. (after Early Middle English, Kent, Southern or Southwest Midland) Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs.

使用する際の注意点

• This suffix was initially restricted to those verbs where it was etymologically justified (see above), but had come to be applied indiscriminately by the Late Middle English period where it was not replaced by -en.
• Due to a change of /i.ə/ to /iː/ after heavy syllables (those with a long vowel or two or more final consonants), some varieties (e.g. the West Midlands dialect of the Ancrene Wisse and the Kentish one of the Ayenbite of Inwit) come to distinguish between -ie/-ien in heavy syllables and -in/-i/-y in light syllables. However, this distinction is effaced in the later language, which adopts -y (or -en) in all circumstances.
• In some later varieties, there is a tendency to use -y before consonants, but -en before vowels. If -en is a reduction of earlier -in, this may be compared to the alternation between e.g. a and an.

派生語

• -iere

派生した語

• English: -y, -ee (dialectal, West Country)

参照

• “-ien, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• Brunner, Karl (1963), Grahame Johnson, transl., An Outline of Middle English Grammar‎, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, translation of Abriss der mittelenglischen Grammatik (in German), →ISBN, →OCLC, § 70, page 81; reprinted 1965.
• Jordan, Richard (1974),  Eugene Crook, transl., Handbook of the Middle English Grammar: Phonology (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 218)‎, The Hague: Mouton & Co. N.V., →DOI, § 138, page 141.
• Tolkien, J. R. R. (1929), “Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad”, in H. W. Garrod, compiler, Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association‎, volume 14, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 118.