gadflyとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

A deer botfly (Cephenemyia stimulator), a type of gadfly (sense 1).

An unidentified horsefly (Tabanus species), also known as a gadfly (sense 1).

From gad (“(廃れた用法) sharp point, spike; (dialectal) sharp-pointed rod for driving cattle, horses, etc., goad”) +‎ fly, in the sense of a fly which irritates cattle, etc., by biting them, similar to the prodding of a goad.^[1] Gad is derived from Middle English gad, gadde (“metal spike with a sharp point; stick with a sharp point for driving animals, goad; metal bar or rod, ingot; (by extension) lump of material; metal rod for measuring land; (by extension) unit of linear measure equal to about 10 to 16 feet”),^[2] borrowed from Old Norse gaddr (“spike; goad”), from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike; goad”), further etymology uncertain.

Sense 2.1.1 (“person who upsets the status quo”) may allude to the Apology by the Greek philosopher Plato (428/427 または 424/423 – 348/347 B.C.E.), where he describes Socrates (c. 470 – 399 B.C.E.) acting as a goad to the Athenian political scene like a gadfly (Ancient Greek μῠ́ωψ (múōps)) arousing a sluggish horse.^[3]

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /ˈɡædflaɪ/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈɡædˌflaɪ/
• ハイフネーション: gad‧fly

名詞

gadfly (複数形 gadflies)

1. Any dipterous (“two-winged”) insect or fly of the family Oestridae (commonly known as a botfly) or Tabanidae (horsefly), noted for irritating animals by buzzing about them, and biting them to suck their blood; a gadbee.

   (botfly): Synonym: warble fly

   (horsefly): Synonyms: stoat-fly, stout

   • 1593, Gabriel Harvey, Pierces Supererogation: Or A New Prayse of the Old Asse, London: […] Iohn Wolfe, OCLC 165778203; republished as John Payne Collier, editor, Pierces Supererogation: Or A New Prayse of the Old Asse. A Preparative to Certaine Larger Discourses, Intituled Nashes S. Fame (Miscellaneous Tracts. Temp. Eliz. & Jac. I; no. 8), [London: [s.n.], 1870], OCLC 23963073, page 147:

     He that made that ryme in jeſt, little conſidered what a gad-fly may doe in earneſt. It is ſmall wiſedome to contemne the ſmalleſt enemy; the gad-fly is a little creature, but ſome little creatures be ſtingers; […]

   • 1727, James Thomson, “Summer”, in The Seasons, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, and sold by Thomas Cadell, […], published 1768, OCLC 642619686, lines 498–499, page 65:

     Light fly his ſlumbers, if perchance a flight / Of angry gad-flies faſten on the herd; […]

   • 1841, R[alph] W[aldo] Emerson, “Essay I. History.”, in Essays, Boston, Mass.: James Munroe and Company, OCLC 3778020, pages 18–19:

     The nomads of Africa are constrained to wander by the attacks of the gadfly, which drives the cattle mad, and so compels the tribe to emigrate in the rainy season and drive off the cattle to the higher sandy regions.

   • 2005, Rafael Argullol, “Introduction”, in Yolanda Gamboa, transl., The End of the World as a Work of Art: A Western Story, Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press; Cranbury, N.J.: Associated University Presses, →ISBN, page 48:

     Vengeful Hera transformed her [Io] into an animal (a beautiful cow), and imposed upon her the company of a gadfly to sting her continuously, thus forcing her to escape on an endless pilgrimage.

2. (figuratively, also attributively)
   1. A person or thing that irritates or instigates.
      • 1620 (first performance; published 1622), Philip Messenger [i.e., Philip Massinger]; Thomas Dekker, The Virgin Martyr; a Tragedie. […], London: […] B[ernard] A[lsop] and T[homas] F[awcet] for Thomas Iones, […], published 1631, OCLC 1203227341, Act II:

        VVhat gad flye tickles ſo this Macrinus, / That up flinging thy taile, he breakes thus from me.

      1. (specifically) A person who upsets the status quo by posing novel or upsetting questions, or attempts to stimulate innovation by being an irritant.

         Synonyms: see Thesaurus:maverick

         • 1977, Morris Kline, Why the Professor Can’t Teach: Mathematics and the Dilemma of University Education, New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN, page 238:

           There is a function for the gadfly who poses questions that many specialists would like to overlook. Polemics is healthy.

         • 2012, Andrew Martin, “The World of Charles Pearson”, in Underground Overground: A Passenger’s History of the Tube, London: Profile Books, →ISBN, pages 26–27:

           What was required now was the intervention of some men who were not gadflies. […] The logic of [Charles] Pearson's arguments was accepted, up to a point, by a consortium of businessmen. In August 1854, […] the consortium obtained royal assent for […] the Metropolitan Railway. […] In 1859, when it looked as though the Metropolitan Railway Company would be wound up with no line built, he [Pearson] wrote a pamphlet: A Twenty Minutes Letter to the Citizens of London in Favour of the Metropolitan Railway and City Station. Gadfly he may have been, but by this 'letter' he persuaded the Corporation of London to invest £200,000 in the line, a most unusual example of a public body investing in a Victorian railway.

         • 2021 April 10, John Leland, “This heroin-using professor wants to change how we think about drugs”, in The New York Times‎^[1], New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, ISSN 0362-4331, OCLC 971436363, archived from the original on 28 May 2022:

           Dr. [Carl] Hart, 54, the first tenured African-American science professor at Columbia, is a gadfly among drug researchers and a rock star among advocates for decriminalizing drugs.

   2. Synonym of gadabout (“a person who restlessly moves from place to place, seeking amusement または the companionship of others”)

      Synonym: social butterfly

      • 1605 August (first performance), Geo[rge] Chapman; Ben Ionson; Ioh[n] Marston, Eastvvard Hoe. […], London: […] [George Eld] for William Aspley, published September 1605, OCLC 1121359361, Act III, scene ii:

        VVhat VVinnie? VVife, I ſay? out of dores at this time! vvhere ſhould I ſeeke the Gad-flye?

      • c. 1613, Thomas Middleton; William Rowley, “Wit at Several Weapons. A Comedy.”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1647, OCLC 3083972, Act IV, scene i, page 85, column 2:

        VVhere are thoſe gad-flies going? to ſome Junket novv; […]

      • 1753 (indicated as 1754), [Samuel Richardson], “Letter XVIII. Miss Byron. In Continuation.”, in The History of Sir Charles Grandison. […], volume I, 2nd edition, London: […] S[amuel] Richardson; [a]nd sold by C. Hitch and L. Hawes, […], OCLC 926827207, page 125:

        [Y]our Harriet may turn gadfly, and never be eaſy but vvhen ſhe is forming parties, or giving vvay to them, that may make the home, that hitherto has been the chief ſcene of her pleaſures, undelightful to her.

   3. (derogatory, slang) A person who takes without giving back; a bloodsucker.

      Synonyms: see Thesaurus:scrounger

      He’s a regular gadfly and takes advantage of his friend’s generosity.

派生語

• gadfly petrel

参照

Further reading

• botfly on Wikipedia.
  • Oestridae on Wikimedia Commons.
  • Oestridae on Wikispecies.
• horse-fly on Wikipedia.
  • Tabanidae on Wikimedia Commons.
  • Tabanidae on Wikispecies.
• gadfly (philosophy かつ social science) on Wikipedia.
• gadfly (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.