wasteとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English wast, waste (“a waste”, noun), from Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French wast, waste (“a waste”), from Frankish *wōstī (“a waste”), from Proto-Germanic *wōstaz^[1], *wōstuz^[2], from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“empty, wasted”).

名詞

waste (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 wastes)

1. Excess of material, useless by-products, or damaged, unsaleable products; garbage; rubbish.
2. Excrement or urine.

   The cage was littered with animal waste.

3. A wasteland; an uninhabited desolate region; a wilderness or desert.
   • 1886 May 1 – July 31, Robert Louis Stevenson, Kidnapped, being Memoirs of the Adventures of David Balfour in the Year 1751: […], London; Paris: Cassell & Company, Limited., published 1886, →OCLC:

     We went down accordingly into the waste, and began to make our toilsome and devious travel towards the eastern verge.

4. A place that has been laid waste or destroyed.
5. A large tract of uncultivated land.
6. (historical) The part of the land of a manor (of whatever size) not used for cultivation or grazing, nowadays treated as common land.
7. A vast expanse of water.
8. A disused mine or part of one.
9. The action or progress of wasting; extravagant consumption or ineffectual use.

   That was a waste of time!

   Her life seemed a waste.

   • 2023 March 22, Mike Esbester, “Staff, the public and industry will suffer”, in RAIL, number 979, page 39:

     'Rebel railwaymen' at Birmingham New Street refused to wear the new uniforms on the grounds that they were a "complete waste of public money".

10. Large abundance of something, specifically without it being used.
11. Gradual loss or decay.
12. A decaying of the body by disease; atrophy; wasting away.
13. (rare) Destruction or devastation caused by war or natural disasters; see "to lay waste".
14. (law) A cause of action which may be brought by the owner of a future interest in property against the current owner of that property to prevent the current owner from degrading the value or character of the property, either intentionally or through neglect.
15. (geology) Material derived by mechanical and chemical erosion from the land, carried by streams to the sea.

派生語

派生した語

• → Wu: 違司／违司 (we⁶-sy¹)

形容詞

waste (comparative more waste, superlative most waste)

1. (MTE, slang, derogatory) Useless and contemptible.
   • 2017 March 18, “Free Smoke”, in More Life, performed by Drake:

     Niggas moves so waste / Please, come outside the house and show yourself / So I can say it to your face

   • 2022 September 22, “ONTARIO PLACE”, in BADMAN, performed by Bert Le Plug:

     Waste / Don't talk to me / You're so waste

派生語

参照

語源 2

From Middle English wast, waste (“waste”, adjective), from Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French wast (“waste”), from Frankish *wōstī (“waste, empty”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“empty, wasted”). Cognate with Old High German wuosti, wuasti (“waste, empty”), German wüst, Old Saxon wōsti (“desolate”), 古期英語 wēste (“waste, barren, desolate, empty”).

形容詞

waste (comparative more waste, superlative most waste)

1. (now rare) Uncultivated, uninhabited.
   • 1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xvij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XIII:

     SOo whanne syr Galahad was departed from the castel of maydens / he rode tyl he came to a waste forest / & there he mette with syre launcelot and syr Percyuale but they knewe hym not / for he was newe desguysed / Ryghte so syr launcelot his fader dressid his spere and brake it vpon syr Galahad

     (please add an English translation of this quote)

2. Barren; desert.
   • 2009, Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin 2010, page 255:

     For centuries the shrine at Mecca had been of merely local importance, far outshone by the Temple of the Jews in Jerusalem, whose cult Christians had in good measure renewed by their pilgrimage in honour of Christ's crucifixion and resurrection, while leaving the actual site of the Jerusalem Temple dishonoured and waste.

3. Rejected as being defective; eliminated as being worthless; produced in excess.
   • 2013 September-October, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist:

     Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

4. Superfluous; needless.
5. Dismal; gloomy; cheerless.
   • 1820, Walter Scott, Ivanhoe; a Romance. […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, または III), Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC:

     the savage Baron's heart […] became appalled as he gazed forward into the waste darkness of futurity.

6. Unfortunate; disappointing. (Can we add an example for this sense?)

使用する際の注意点

Same meanings as wasted.

派生語

語源 3

From Middle English wasten (“to waste, lay waste”), from Anglo-Norman, Old Northern French waster (“to waste, devastate”) (compare also the variant gaster かつ French gâter from a related Old French word); the Anglo-Norman form waster was either from Frankish *wōstijan (“to waste”), from Proto-Indo-European *wāsto- (“empty, wasted”), or alternatively from Latin vastāre, present active infinitive of vastō and influenced by the Frankish; the English word was assisted by similarity to native Middle English westen ("to waste"; > English weest). Cognate with Old High German wuostan, wuastan, wuostjan (“to waste”) (Modern German wüsten), 古期英語 wēstan (“to lay waste, ravage”).

動詞

waste (三人称単数 現在形 wastes, 現在分詞 wasting, 過去形および過去分詞形 wasted)

2. (transitive) To devastate; to destroy.
   • 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], “Ianuarie. Aegloga Prima.”, in The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC; republished as The Shepheardes Calender […], London: […] Iohn Wolfe for Iohn Harrison the yonger, […], 1586, →OCLC:

     Thou barrein ground, whome winters wrath hath wasted, / Art made a myrrour to behold my plight.

   • 1697, Virgil, “Aeneis”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

     The Tiber / Insults our walls, and wastes our fruitful grounds.

3. (transitive) To squander (money または resources) uselessly; to spend (time) idly.
   • c. 1598–1600 (date written), William Shakespeare, “As You Like It”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene vi], lines 812-13:

     I like this place,
     And willingly could waste my time in it.

   • 1751, Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

     Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, / And waste its sweetness on the desert air.

   • 2013 June 1, “Ideas coming down the track”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 13 (Technology Quarterly):

     A “moving platform” scheme […] is more technologically ambitious than maglev trains even though it relies on conventional rails. […] This set-up solves several problems […]. Stopping high-speed trains wastes energy and time, so why not simply slow them down enough for a moving platform to pull alongside?

   • 1909, Francis Galton, Memories of my life, page 69

     E. Kay (1822-1897), afterwards Lord Justice of Appeal, had rooms on the same staircase as myself, and we wasted a great deal of time together, both in term and in my second summer vacation. .

   We wasted millions of dollars and several years on that project.

4. (transitive, slang) To kill; to murder.
5. (transitive) To wear away by degrees; to impair gradually; to deteriorate; to diminish by constant loss; to use up; to consume; to spend; to wear out.
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 14:33:

     until your carcases be wasted in the wilderness

   • 1769, William Robertson, The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: […] W. and W. Strahan, for W[illiam] Strahan, T[homas] Cadell, […]; and J. Balfour, […], →OCLC:

     Wasted by such a course of life, the infirmities of age daily grew on him.

6. (intransitive) To gradually lose weight, weaken, become frail.
7. (intransitive) To be diminished; to lose bulk, substance, strength, value etc. gradually.
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Kings 17:14:

     […] The barrell of meale shall not waste, neither shall the cruse of oile faile, vntill the day that the Lord sendeth raine vpon the earth.

8. (law) To damage, impair, or injure (an estate, etc.) voluntarily, or by allowing the buildings, fences, etc., to fall into decay.

Conjugation

同意語

• (スラング, to kill または murder): cack, top, duppy (see also Thesaurus:kill)

派生語

参考

• Waste on Wikipedia.
• Waste in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

アナグラム

• Sweat, Weast, awest, swate, sweat, tawse, wetas