英和和英

発音

• (non-rhotic)
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈfaʊ̯n.dəː/, [ˈfaʊ̯n.dəː]
  • (General Australian, New Zealand, /aʊ̯/-fronting) IPA: /ˈfæʊ̯n.də/, [ˈfæʊ̯n.dəː]
  • (General South African, /aʊ̯/-monophthongization) IPA: /ˈfaːn.də/, [ˈfaːn.də]
• (rhotic)
  • (General American, Canada) IPA: /ˈfaʊ̯n.dɚ/, [ˈfaʊ̯n.dɚ] ~ [ˈfaʊ̯n.dɹ̩]
  • (Southern 米国発音, Midland 米国発音, Mid-Atlantic 米国発音, New York City, /aʊ̯/-fronting) IPA: /ˈfæʊ̯n.dɚ/, [ˈfæʊ̯n.dɚ] ~ [ˈfæʊ̯n.dɹ̩]
  • (Pittsburgh, /aʊ̯/-monophthongization) IPA: /ˈfaːn.dɚ/, [ˈfaːn.dɚ] ~ [ˈfaːn.dɹ̩]
• 韻: -aʊndə(ɹ)
• ハイフネーション: found‧er

語源 1

From Old French fondeur, from Latin fundātor, equivalent to found +‎ -er.

名詞

founder (plural founders)

1. One who founds or establishes (a company, project, organisation, state, etc.).

   Antonym: ruiner

   The founder of Facebook is Mark Zuckerberg.

   • 1765, William Blackstone, “Of Corporations”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book I (Of the Rights of Persons), Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 469:

     As to eleemoſynary corporations, by the dotation the founder and his heirs are of common right the legal viſitors, to ſee that that property is rightly employed, which would otherwiſe have deſcended to the viſitor himſelf: […]

   • 2022 January 13, Arielle Pardes, “Who Do Young Entrepreneurs Look Up To? Elon Musk”, in Wired‎, San Francisco, Calif.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 1 June 2023:

     Young people love to idolize their predecessors. [Steve] Jobs was Silicon Valley's idol of choice for decades, but to the next generation of startup founders, his legacy feels about as old as Web 1.0.

   • 2023 June 28, Livia Albeck-Ripka, “Chris Printup, Founder of Streetwear Brand Born X Raised, Dies at 42”, in The New York Times‎, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 6 July 2023:

     Chris Printup, a founder of the streetwear brand Born X Raised, which became a fixture on the Los Angeles fashion scene, died on Wednesday morning at a hospital in Albuquerque. He was 42.

2. (genetics) A common ancestor of some population (especially one with a certain genetic mutation).

   a founder population

   the founder effect

   • 2006 June 1, Dennis Drayna, “Founder Mutations”, in Scientific American‎, New York, N.Y.: Springer Nature America, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 7 June 2023:

     The sickle cell mutation today can be found in five different haplotypes, leading to the conclusion that the mutation appeared independently five times in five different founders.

   • 2019 April 16, Heather Murphy, “Don't Count on 23andMe to Detect Most Breast Cancer Risks, Study Warns”, in The New York Times‎, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 13 October 2022:

     Among the Ashkenazi Jews in the positive group, 81 percent had one of the three founder mutations, suggesting that 23andMe's test could be helpful for them.

   • 2023 March 16, Nadeem Badshah, “One in a hundred people with Orkney heritage have gene increasing risk of cancer”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian‎, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 5 August 2023:

     The gene mutation is likely to have come from a founder individual who lived at least 250 years ago, the paper published in the European Journal of Human Genetics said.

派生語

語源 2

From Middle French fondeur, from Latin fundo (“pour, melt, cast”).

名詞

founder (plural founders)

1. The iron worker in charge of the blast furnace and the smelting operation.
   • 1957, H.R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry, page 161:

     The term 'founder' was applied in the British iron industry long afterwards to the ironworker in charge of the blast furnace and the smelting operation.

2. One who casts metals in various forms; a caster.

   a founder of cannon, bells, hardware, or printing types

派生語

語源 3

From Middle French fondrer (“send to the bottom”), from Latin fundus (“bottom”).

名詞

founder (plural founders)

1. (veterinary medicine) A severe laminitis of a horse, caused by untreated internal inflammation in the hooves.

関連する語

動詞

founder (third-person singular simple present founders, present participle foundering, simple past and past participle foundered)

1. (intransitive, of a ship) To flood with water and sink.
   • 1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC:

     We were not much more than a quarter of an hour out of our ship but we saw her sink, and then I understood for the first time what was meant by a ship foundering in the sea.

   • 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 9, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:

     This ended, in prolonged solemn tones, like the continual tolling of a bell in a ship that is foundering at sea in a fog—in such tones he commenced reading the following hymn;(...)

   • 2018 October 17, Drachinifel, 27:33 from the start, in Last Ride of the High Seas Fleet - Battle of Texel 1918‎, archived from the original on 4 August 2022:

     Amongst the battleships, things are rather different. Barham led a valiant charge, but suffered for it; she will founder under tow in the Thames estuary shallows, eventually being refloated and refitted after the war.

2. (intransitive, especially of horses) To fall; to stumble and go lame.
3. (intransitive) To fail; to miscarry.
   • 1613 (date written), William Shakespeare, [John Fletcher], “The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

     All his tricks founder.

   • 2024 September 4, Philip Haigh, “Can public-private partnerships be made to deliver?”, in RAIL, number 1017, page 52:

     The other ambitions, and much of Prescott's plan, foundered just south of Hatfield that October, when a GNER express derailed on a shattered rail […] , plunging the railway into a crisis that led to private track owner Railtrack being put into administration.

4. (transitive, archaic, nautical) To cause to flood and sink, as a ship.
   • 1697, William Dampier, A New Voyage Round the World. […], London: […] James Knapton, […], →OCLC, page 82:

     We found a strong Tide setting out of the Streights to the Northward, and like to founder our Ship.

   • 1744, William Smith, A New Voyage to Guinea, page 167, quoted in The Diligent: A Voyage Through the Worlds Of The Slave Trade, Robert Harms, 2008

     "I was amazed when we came among the breakers (which to me seemed large enough to founder our ship), to see with what wondrous dexterity they carried us through them, and ran their canoes on the top of one of those rolling waves […] "

   • 1932, Hart Crane, "From haunts of Proserpine" (Review of Green River: A Poem for Rafinesque, James Whaler

     But still more disastrous was the storm which foundered his ship in Long Island Sound, swallowing within call of shore his fifty boxes of scientific equipment, his books, manuscripts and funds, the results of years of devoted labor.

5. (transitive) To disable or lame (a horse) by causing internal inflammation and soreness in the feet or limbs.

使用する際の注意点

Frequently confused with flounder. Both may be applied to the same situation, with the difference being the severity of the action: floundering (struggling to maintain position) comes first, followed by foundering (losing it by falling, sinking, or failing).

アナグラム

• Neudorf, fonduer, refound