Wiktionary英語版
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gnatus
語源
From Proto-Italic *gnātos (“born; son”)[1], from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós (“produced, given birth”), from *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, give birth, beget”). When used as a verb form, it functions as the perfect active participle of the deponent verb nāscor (“to be born”). The form *gnātos must have previously also served as the perfect passive participle of the transitive verb gignō (“to bear; to beget; to engender”), whose attested perfect passive participle genitus is a relatively recent replacement[2] built by analogy to the stem of the perfect genuī.[3] Continued association with the latter verb, and with other related words where initial /g/ was regularly retained due to a following vowel, such as genus (“birth, origin, lineage, descent”), could be part of the reason a spelling with gn- was used for this word for some time after regular sound change had generally replaced initial *gn- in Latin with n-. Another influence on the spelling could have been the medial -gn- found in related prefixed words such prōgnātus, cognātus. Alternatively, Köhm 1905 suggests the relatively frequent occurrence of the noun after a possessive pronoun could have caused gn to be retained just as it was in word-internal position.[4]
語形変化
Second-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | gnātus | gnātī |
| Genitive | gnātī | gnātōrum |
| Dative | gnātō | gnātīs |
| Accusative | gnātum | gnātōs |
| Ablative | gnātō | gnātīs |
| Vocative | gnāte | gnātī |
Participle
gnātus (feminine gnāta, neuter gnātum); first/second-declension participle
- Archaic form of nātus (“born;” also “aged” (X years) or (X years) “old”).
- c. 186 BCE, Plautus, Aulularia 231:
- Venit hoc mihi, Megadore, in mentem, ted esse hominem divitem,
factiosum, me autem esse hominem pauperum pauperrimum;
nunc si filiam locassim meam tibi, in mentem venit
te bovem esse et me esse asellum: ubi tecum coniunctus siem,
ubi onus nequeam ferre pariter, iaceam ego asinus in luto,
tu me bos magis haud respicias, gnatus quasi numquam siem.- 1916 translation by Paul Nixon
- Now here's the way it strikes me, Megadorus,—you're a rich man, a man of position: but as for me, I'm poor, awfully poor, dreadfully poor. Now if I was to marry off my daughter to you, it strikes me you'd be the ox and I'd be the donkey. When I was hitched up with you and couldn't pull my share of the load, down I'd drop, I, the donkey, in the mud; and you, the ox, wouldn't pay any more attention to me than if I'd never been born at all.
- 1916 translation by Paul Nixon
- Venit hoc mihi, Megadore, in mentem, ted esse hominem divitem,
語形変化
First/second-declension adjective.
| Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nominative | gnātus | gnāta | gnātum | gnātī | gnātae | gnāta | |
| Genitive | gnātī | gnātae | gnātī | gnātōrum | gnātārum | gnātōrum | |
| Dative | gnātō | gnātō | gnātīs | ||||
| Accusative | gnātum | gnātam | gnātum | gnātōs | gnātās | gnāta | |
| Ablative | gnātō | gnātā | gnātō | gnātīs | |||
| Vocative | gnāte | gnāta | gnātum | gnātī | gnātae | gnāta | |
使用する際の注意点
The spelling with gn- is used fairly consistently for the noun in the comedies of Plautus and Terence, while the verbal participle is often spelled with n- in these authors.[5] In later authors such as Virgil, the use of the spelling gn- is a definite archaism.[5]
参照
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “nāscor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 401
- ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 92
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “gignō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 261
- ^ Köhm, Joseph (1905) Altlateinische Forschungen, page 136
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mari, Tommaso (2016), "Consentius' De barbarismis et metaplasmis: Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary" (thesis), p. 134
Further reading
- “gnatus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “gnatus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- gnatus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius かつ others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- gnatus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
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