英和和英

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ɫʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [lus]

接尾辞

-lus (feminine -la, neuter -lum); first/second-declension suffix

1. alternative form of -ulus

使用する際の注意点

The suffix -lus is added to a noun to form a diminutive of that noun. It is attached mainly to first- or second-declension nouns or adjectives whose stem-final vowel (-a- or -o-) is preceded by /r/, /l/ or /n/: these words have a nominative singular that ends in one of -er, -rus, -lus, -nus (second-declension masculine), -ra, -la, -na (first declension), or -rum, -lum, -num (second-declension neuter). As the result of syncope, the /r/, /n/, or /l/ of the stem is brought into contact with the /l/ of the diminutive suffix and is assimilated to it, forming geminate /ll/. As with other Latin diminutive suffixes, the gender of the diminutive regularly matches the gender of the base noun:

‎tessera f (“square, die”) + ‎-lus → ‎tessella f (“small square, small cube”)

When the /r/, /n/, or /l/ in the base word is preceded by a short vowel or consonant, the diminutive usually ends in -ellus/-a/-um or -illus/-a/-um. (More rarely, some end in -ullus/-a/-um.) The vowel before /ll/ in the diminutive may differ from the vowel used in the base word. In the oldest formations, these vowels likely developed from regular sound changes. However, it is likely that many diminutives ending in -ellus and -illus took their vowels based on analogy with existing pairs of words. Thus, the endings -ellus and -illus had already started to be extended as suffixes in their own right in pre-literary times.

The following generalizations can be made about the use of /ell/, /ill/, or other vowels before /ll/ in diminutives:

Bases with stems that end in -ra-/-ro- preceded by either short /e/ or by a consonant typically form diminutives in /ell/ (per Strodach, the only exception attested in Republican Latin is trānstillum from trānstrum; a second exception attested in Imperial Latin is veretillum/veretilla from veretrum):

‎liber (“book”) + ‎-lus → ‎libellus (“booklet”)

‎opera (“work”) + ‎-lus → ‎opella (“light work”)

‎cerebrum (“brain”) + ‎-lus → ‎cerebellum (“a small brain”)

Bases with stems that end in -na-/-no- preceded by a long vowel retain the quality, and probably also the quantity, of the long vowel before the geminate /ll/:

‎catēna (“chain”) + ‎-lus → ‎catēlla (“a little/ornamental chain”)

‎vīnum (“wine”) + ‎-lus → ‎vīllum (“a little wine”)

‎corōna (“garland, wreath, crown”) + ‎-lus → ‎corōlla (“little crown, garland”)

‎ūnus (“one”) + ‎-lus → ‎ūllus (“any”)

Bases with stems that end in -na-/-no- preceded by short /i/ typically form diminutives in /ell/ (with the exception of māchilla from māchina). This /i/-/e/ alternation likely developed initially from the sound change of vowel reduction, by which original short vowels /e/ or /a/ regularly turned into /i/ in word-medial open syllables but into /e/ in word-medial closed syllables:

‎asinus (“ass, donkey”) + ‎-lus → ‎asellus (“small (or young) ass, donkey”)

‎fēmina (“woman, female”) + ‎-lus → ‎fēmella (“girl, young woman”)

Bases with stems that end in -na-/-no- preceded by a consonant most often form diminutives in /ill/, sometimes in /ell/:

‎signum (“sign, mark, statue”) + ‎-lus → ‎sigillum (“seal, statuette”)

Bases with stems that end in -la-/-lo- preceded by short /u/ sometimes form diminutives in /ell/ and sometimes in /ill/:

‎oculus (“eye”) + ‎-lus → ‎ocellus (“little eye”)

‎tabula (“board; tablet”) + ‎-lus → ‎tabella (“small board, little tablet”)

‎ancula (“maidservant”) + ‎-lus → ‎ancilla (“maid, slave girl”)

‎porcus (“pig”) + ‎-lus → ‎porculus (“young pig, little pig, piglet”), ‎porculus + ‎-lus → ‎porcellus (“little pig, piglet”)

For some words, the base but not the diminutive shows the effect of sound changes on consonant clusters:

‎scamnum (“stool”) + ‎-lus → ‎scabillum (“footstool”) (base originally had -bn-, which turned into -mn- by regressive assimilation to nasality)

‎vannus (“winnowing basket”) + ‎-lus → ‎vatillum (“shovel”) (base originally had -tn-, which turned into -nn- by regressive assimilation to nasality)

‎māla (“cheekbone, jaw”) + ‎-lus → ‎maxilla (“jawbone”) (base originally had -ksl-, which turned into -◌̄l- by lenition of s-final clusters before voiced consonants)

A few third-declension nouns or names with stems ending in -r- or -n- may form diminutives with -lus:

Examples:

‎homō (“man (human being)”) + ‎-lus → ‎homullus (“little man”)

‎Hīspō (a male cognomen) + ‎-lus → ‎Hīspulla (a female cognomen)

‎frāter (“brother”) + ‎-lus → ‎frātellus (“brother”)

More often, third-declension nouns form diminutives with -culus, such as homunculus and fraterculus, also from homō and frāter.

語形変化

First/second-declension adjective.

派生語

• -ellus
• -illus
• -ullus

参照

アナグラム

• LSU, ULs, Uls.