英和和英

発音

• IPA: /hɹoʊˈmɑːdə/
• ハイフネーション: hro‧ma‧da

名詞

hromada (plural hromadas or hromady)

1. A basic unit of administrative division in Ukraine, similar to a municipality.
   • 2017 October, International Monetary Fund, Ukraine: Technical Assistance Report—Fiscal Decentralization and Legal Framework for Fiscal Risk Management and Medium-term Budgeting (IMF Country Report No. 19/351), Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, published November 2019, →ISBN, page 44:

     Levels in oblasts and cities were below 10 percent of total expenditure (Table 3.6). Only Kyiv among cities managed to allocate more than 10 percent of expenditures to investment. The higher levels of investment activity were taking place in the hromada, where much of the State subsidies were concentrated.

   • 2020, Maryna Rabinovych, Hanna Shelest, “Introduction: Regional Diversity, Decentralization, and Conflict in and around Ukraine”, in Hanna Shelest, Maryna Rabinovych, editors, Decentralization, Regional Diversity, and Conflict: The Case of Ukraine (Federalism and Internal Conflicts), Cham, Zug: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, page 5:

     Launched in April 2014, shortly after the illegal annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the outbreak of violence in eastern Ukraine, the reform of decentralization primarily aims at transferring a significant share of authority, resources, and responsibility to local self-government bodies. The effective fulfilment of this umbrella goal has inter alia encompassed the amalgamation of hromadas, aimed at strengthening their capacity, an advancement of direct democracy at the local level, and a reform of regional policies (e.g. state financing for infrastructure projects at regional level) (Decentralization 2019).

   • 2021 June, Lidiia Tkachenko, “Development of regional labour markets in conditions of decentralization”, in Economy and Sociology, number 1, Chișinău: National Institute for Economic Research of Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 111:

     At the basic level, the institution of local self-government is that of united territorial communities (“hromady”), which are then combined into larger ones (hereinafter referred to as “hromady”). In 2014–2019 the formation and unification of the hromady proceeded on a voluntary basis, beginning with 2020 - according to long-term plans approved by the government.

   • 2022 June 19, Halya Coynash, “Russia has killed at least 45 children in Kharkiv oblast, with over 200 schools bombed”, in Human Rights in Ukraine‎, Kharkiv: Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group, archived from the original on 18 June 2022:

     165 schools are in hromady that are currently under Russian occupation, and the situation there may only become clear after these communities are liberated.

   • 2024, Ewa Łaźniewska, Joanna Kurowska-Pysz, Tomasz Górecki, Khrystyna Prytula, Klaudia Plac, “Features of Socio-Economic Development and Competitiveness of the Ukrainian Border Regions”, in War Refugees and the Labour Market: Crisis-Driven Mobility in the Polish-Ukrainian Borderland (Routledge Studies in Labour Economics), Abingdon, Oxfordshire; New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →DOI, →ISBN, section 2 (The Development of Border Regions of Ukraine: Socio-Economic Trends):

     Therefore, today in the Zakarpatska Oblast, every 4th inhabitant of the region is an IDP [internally displaced person]; in the Lvivska Oblast every 6th inhabitant; and in the Volynska Oblast – every 14th inhabitant. This has a strong impact on the socio-economic development of the border regions at war due to the weak social security of IDPs, their financial vulnerability, the search for a place of temporary stay, and the significant burden on the social infrastructure and economy of hromadas, etc.

2. A Ukrainian community.
   • 1972, Бібліографічний показгчик української преси поза мезгами України, volumes 7–9, →OCLC, page 33:

     Ukrainian Student Magazine. […] c/o N.Y.C.Ukrainian student hromada.

   • 1978, Mykola P. Novak, Guardians of Ukraine: Historical Documentary and Memoirs, →OCLC, page 47:

     Some 70 people, mostly youths and students who were joined by area adults and Ukrainian clergy, took part in the Hryhoriy Skovoroda Student Hromada sponsored action. […] Roksolana Stojko, SUSTA public relations co-director and the hromada’s president, told the Newark Star-Ledger’s reporter that the strike was “almost a birthday gift” for Moroz.

   • 1984, Danylo Husar Struk, editor, Encyclopedia of Ukraine, volume V (St-Z), Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press, →ISBN, page 509, column 1:

     Established initially as the Women’s Hromada, it had county branches and local women’s hromadas numbering 148 in 1939.

   • 1999, Graham Kee Lee Tan, Village social organisation and peasant action: Right-bank Ukraine during the revolution 1917–1923 (doctoral dissertation), London: University College London School of Slavonic and East European Studies, chapter six: “The Initial Attempts of Community and State to Resolve the Land Question during the Political and Military Turmoil of the Civil War”, page 243:

     Those who held land in several hromady (a common occurrence in the Right Bank) could choose the community in which to receive a share of land.

   1. (historical) An organization acting as part of a network of secret societies of Ukrainian intelligentsia that appeared soon after the Crimean War.
      • 1980, Ann Sirka, The Nationality Question in Austrian Education: The Case of Ukrainians in Galicia, 1867-1914, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Ltd., →ISBN, page 124:

        The 1863 hromada organized there by Vakhnianyn had dwindled so that by 1875 a Przemysl contributor to the newspaper Slovo wrote that regarding the national cause, Przemysl was frozen.

      • 1983, John-Paul Himka, Socialism in Galicia: The Emergence of Polish Social Democracy and Ukrainian Radicalism (1860-1890), Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, page 197:

        These patriotic clubs corresponded with one another; individually, the hromadas gathered for talks on Ukrainian history and literature and commemorated national heroes such as Shevchenko and Markiian Shashkevych at musical and declamatory evenings and at memorial liturgical services.

      • 1996, Paul Robert Magocsi, “The Ukrainian National Movement in Dnieper Ukraine after the Era of Reforms”, in A History of Ukraine, Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press, →ISBN, part 6 (Ukraine in the Russian Empire), page 367:

        The aim of the hromada movement in Dnieper Ukraine was to prepare the peasantry for their national as well as economic liberation by teaching them about Ukrainian language and culture in the so-called Sunday schools and by publishing books and staging plays in Ukrainian.

      • 2004, Journal of Ukrainian Studies, volume 29, number 1, Edmonton, Alta.: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, →ISSN, page 31:

        As one of the few existing underground student associations, the hromada, in fact, became closely involved with the work of the Kharkiv coordinating committee.

      • 2005, Ivan Katchanovski, Zenon E[ugene] Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich, “Hromada (Community)”, in Historical Dictionary of Ukraine, Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, Inc., published 2013 (2nd edition), →ISBN, page 221:

        In the late 1870s, as younger activists began to establish their own hromadas, the Kyiv organization came to be known as the Old Hromada.

Further reading

• hromada on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• hromada (secret society) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia