英和和英

語源

Fron Proto-Italic *sangwens, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sh₂-én-, the oblique stem of *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”), whence also saniēs (“ichor; ulcer”) via suffixation. Old Latin assyr / aser / ascer (found in glosses only) likely reflects the nominative of the original paradigm.

Later sanguĭs occurred as a regularization of sanguīs by analogy with the third-declension adjectival suffix -is. However, there is no consensus on whether the original nominative form was sanguīs m or sanguen n, but the development Proto-Italic *sangwens > Old Latin *sanguins > Classical Latin sanguīs seems most likely, since the expected Classical reflex of Old Latin **sanguens would be **sanguēs. Rather, sanguen can be explained as a later reshaping on the analogy of unguen, inguen etc.

Cognate to Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (ēšḫar), Sanskrit असृज् (ásṛj), Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Old Armenian արիւն (ariwn). Pittau also suggests Etruscan 𐌔𐌀𐌍𐌗𐌖𐌍𐌄𐌕𐌀 (sanxuneta, “the sanguinary”, with the enclitic article -𐌕𐌀 (-ta)) as a possible cognate.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈsaŋ.ɡʷiːs], [ˈsaŋ.ɡʷɪs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈsaŋ.ɡʷis]

名詞

sanguī̆s m (genitive sanguinis); third declension

1. blood
   • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 2.212:

     Tuscō sanguine terra rubet

     The land is red with Tuscan blood.

   • c. 160 CE – c. 225 CE, Tertullian, Apologeticus L.13:

     Plūrēs efficimur, quotiēns mētīmur ā vōbīs: sēmen est sanguī̆s Chrīstiānōrum.

     • Translation by Alexander Souter

       We spring up in greater numbers the more we are mown down by you: the blood of the Christians is the seed of a new life.

2. descent, descendant, parentage, progeny, blood relative, flesh-and-blood, family, race
   • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 2.483–484:

     ‘Iuppiter,’ inquit, ‘habet Rōmāna potentia vīrēs:
     sanguinis officiō nōn eget illa meī.

     ‘‘Oh, Jupiter,’’ he said, ‘‘The Roman power [the Roman political state] [now] has strength [of its own]:
     It has no [further] need with the service of my blood [progeny; descendant].’’
     (Jupiter hears the plea of Mars to deify his son Romulus (mythology).)

3. blood (consanguinity)

語形変化

Third-declension noun.

派生語

派生した語

From the Classical accusative sanguinem:

From the Late accusative sanguem:

参照

• Adams, James Noel. 2010. An anthology of informal Latin. Cambridge University Press. Pages 406–407.
• AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 88: “il sangue” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it
• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002), “sanguis”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 11: S–Si, page 178

Further reading

• “sanguis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “sanguis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “sanguis”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• sanguis in Georges, Karl Ernst; Georges, Heinrich (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th edition, volume 2, Hahnsche Buchhandlung
• "sanguis", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to drip blood; to be deluged with blood: sanguine manare, redundare
    
  • to shed one's blood for one's fatherland: sanguinem suum pro patria effundere or profundere
    
  • the victory cost much blood and many wounds, was very dearly bought: victoria multo sanguine ac vulneribus stetit (Liv. 23. 30)