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Wiktionary英語版
出典：Wiktionary
-ensis
出典:『Wiktionary』 (2026/03/20 03:15 UTC 版)
語源
Unknown. Various theories have been put forward:
- Hermann Gähwiler (1962), building on a suggestion by Manu Leumann, proposes a borrowing from Etruscan on the basis that its earliest attested non-toponymic use is in the term ātriēnsis, and the Roman ātrium was an Etruscan import. A similar suffix is attested in Etruscan patronymics.
- Paavo Castrén (1981) rejects the relevance of ātriēnsis, viewing it as a later development. On the basis of various ancient, then-extinct peoples of Latium with names in -ēnsēs mentioned by Pliny the Elder, Castrén situates the emergence of the suffix in the late Proto-Villanovan period, perhaps as a borrowing from another Italic language.
- Chantal Kircher-Durand (1983) suggests a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *-went-ti- (< *-wénts, *-tis), but considers Gähwiler’s thesis plausible.
- A. Zimmermann (1921) suggests a lost cognate of Ancient Greek ἐνς (ens), variant of εἰς (eis) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₁én) + -ī.
発音
- (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈẽː.sɪs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈɛn.sis]
使用する際の注意点
The suffix -ēnsis is added to a toponym (especially the name of a town) or to a topographical name, in order to form an adjective.
語形変化
Third-declension two-termination adjective.
派生語
algensis
Amynthas hsiyinensis
aniensis
Aniensis
aragonensis
Berytensis
careliensis
Carthaginensis
Carthaginiensis
Cluniacensis
Dunelmensis
Gandavensis
glasguensis
guilinensis
Haliciensis
Hispalensis
Hispaliensis
iaponensis
lombokensis
madagascariensis
Monacensis
Rattembergensis
Rigensis
Twerensis
veronensis
Zaporoviensis
派生した語
- → Albanian: -esh
- Catalan: -ès, (Valencian) -és
- Danish: -enser
- Franco-Provençal: -ês
- Galician: -és
- → Galician: -ense
- Italian: -ese
- → Italian: -ense
- Occitan: -és
- Piedmontese: -èis
- Ligurian: -èise
- Old French: -eis
- Portuguese: -ês
- → Portuguese: -ense
- Sicilian: -isi, -isa
- Spanish: -és
- → Spanish: -ense
- → Translingual: -ensis
- Welsh: -wys
参照
- ^ Gähwiler, Hermann (1962), Das lateinische Suffix -ensis (in German), pages 84–85
- ↑ Kircher-Durand, Chantal (2002), “Les dérivés en -ensis”, in Chantal Kircher-Durand, editor, Grammaire fondamentale du latin (in French), volume 9, Création lexicale: la formation des noms par dérivation suffixale, page 191
- ^ Castrén, Paavo (1981), “Von populi Albenses bis cives Campanienses. Anmerkungen zur Frühgeschichte des lateinischen Suffixes -ensis”, in Arctos: Acta Philologica Fennica (in German), volume 15, pages 9–12
- ^ Kircher-Durand, Chantal (1983), “Les noms latins en -ensis”, in Documents LAMA (in French), volume 8, Centre de recherches comparatives sur les langues de la Méditerranée ancienne, pages 248–51
ensis
出典:『Wiktionary』 (2026/06/03 23:15 UTC 版)
語源
Uncertain. Perhaps cognate with Palaic 𒄩𒅆𒄿𒊏𒄠 (ḫa-ši-i-ra-am, “dagger”), Sanskrit असि (así, “sword”), and Ancient Greek ἄορ (áor, “(hanger for a) sword”). De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *h₁ensi- (“sword, large knife”); however, the ḫ- of the Palaic form is incompatible with an initial *h₁-. Yet, a reconstruction *h₂n̥sis is problematic for Latin as it would violate Rix's Law, according to which the outcome **ānsis would be expected (compare Latin ambi-, from *h₂m̥bʰí). The linguist Stefan Höfler, however, contents the operation of Rix's Law in Latin, citing forms such as ēnsis and the possible derivation from *h₂n̥sís as evidence. Another possibility is that the term could maybe reflect a paradigm *h₂ḗnsis ~ *h₂n̥séys, in which case the lengthened grade would have been generalized in Italic. Ultimately, according to De Vaan, all alleged Indo-European cognates are uncertain. Schrijver argues that words denoting material objects are easily borrowed, allowing for the possibility that the resemblance between this word and other Indo-European forms is partially coincidental. Regardless, the EIEC—which reconstructs the PIE form as *h2/3ṇsis—still argues that the form likely date back to Proto-Indo-European.
発音
- (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈẽː.sɪs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈɛn.sis]
名詞
ēnsis m (genitive ēnsis); third declension
- (chiefly poetic) sword, brand
- Synonym: gladius
- Synonym: framea
-
c. 150 CE – 200 CE, Hyginus, De Astronomia 3.33:
-
Ōrīōn. Hunc ā zōnā et reliquō corpore aequinoctiālis circulus dīuidit, cum Taurō dēcertantem collocātum, dextrā manū clāuam tenentem et incīnctum ēnse spectantem ad occāsum, et occidentem exortā Scorpiōnis posteriōre parte et Sagittāriō exoriente, cum Cancrō autem tōtō corpore pariter exsurgentem. Hic habet in capite stēllās III clārās, in utrīsque humerīs singulās, in dextrō cubitō obscūram I, in manū similem I, in zōnā III, in eō quō gladius eius dēfōrmātur III obscūrās, in utrīsque genibus singulās clārās, in pedibus singulās. Omnīnō XVII.
- Orion. His belt and the rest of his body are separated [from the upper part of him] by the equator. He is placed as though in confrontation with the Bull, holding a club in his right hand, and with a sword at his waist; he is looking toward the west. He sets at the rising of the hind part of the Scorpion, and rises with his whole body at the same time as the Crab. He has three bright stars on his head, one star on each shoulder, a faint star on his right elbow, a similar star on his hand, three stars on his belt, three faint ones where his sword is depicted, one bright one on each knee, and one each at his feet. In all, seventeen.
-
Ōrīōn. Hunc ā zōnā et reliquō corpore aequinoctiālis circulus dīuidit, cum Taurō dēcertantem collocātum, dextrā manū clāuam tenentem et incīnctum ēnse spectantem ad occāsum, et occidentem exortā Scorpiōnis posteriōre parte et Sagittāriō exoriente, cum Cancrō autem tōtō corpore pariter exsurgentem. Hic habet in capite stēllās III clārās, in utrīsque humerīs singulās, in dextrō cubitō obscūram I, in manū similem I, in zōnā III, in eō quō gladius eius dēfōrmātur III obscūrās, in utrīsque genibus singulās clārās, in pedibus singulās. Omnīnō XVII.
- (figuratively) war
- (figuratively) defender
- (figuratively) royal sway
- (metonymic) the constellation Orion
語形変化
Third-declension noun (i-stem).
派生語
- ēnsifer
- ēnsiculus
派生した語
- Translingual: Ensis
参照
- ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ēnsis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
- ↑ Olav Hackstein, Jared L. Miller, Elisabeth Rieken, editors (2017–), “Palaic ḫašīra- ‘blade’”, in Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of the Minor Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna), München & Marburg
- ^ Höfler, Stefan (2025), “Rix’s Law in Latin and the Etymology of īnfula ‘band, bandage”, in Pultrová, Lucie, Vaníková, Martina, editors, Exploring Latin: Structures, Functions, Meaning: Volume I: Word. Volume II: Clause and Discourse, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, , page 11 of 1-14
- ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 63
- ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h2/3ṇsis”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 561
- “ensis”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ensis”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- "ensis", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- “ensis”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- “ensis”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ensis”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 171
- Pokorny, Julius (1959), “ṇsi-s”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 771
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