hard courtsとは 意味・読み方・使い方

By the middle of the Edo period, as Hongaku philosophy (philosophy of awareness) through oral instruction, which had started in the period of the Northern and Southern Courts (Japan), was becoming more prevalent, and Tendai doctrine and manners of priests had deteriorated markedly, he worked hard to correct the priestly ethic by reforming two types of learning, namely Jo (Samachi) and E (Wisdom), and introducing additional precept learning based on Shibunritsu (Four-Part Vinayapitaka, which explains about regulations and prohibited matters of the priests) in perceptive science.発音を聞く 例文帳に追加

江戸時代中期には、南北朝時代(日本)に始まった本覚思想の口伝法門が広まり、天台教学・僧儀の退廃が目立ってきたことから、定慧の二学を刷新し、戒律学における四分律兼学による律儀を導入するなど僧風の是正につとめた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

The positive value of preliminary adverse actions of the Examiner should be fully appreciated by the applicant and his attorney. A hard-fought application will produce a patent much more likely to stand in court than a patent which has slid through the Bureau easily. This is so for two reasons: first, the rejections have given the applicant or his attorney suggestions of strengthening amendments so that his claims have been made infinitely less vulnerable than would be otherwise possible; secondly, every point raised by the Examiner and finally decided by the Bureau in favor of the applicant will give him a prima facie standing on that point in court. The Office is empowered by law to pass upon applications for patents and, because of the authority vested in it, its decisions with respect to the granting of an application or on any point connected with it will be presumed to be correct by the courts.例文帳に追加

出願人及びその代理人は，審査官による不利な予備的処分の肯定的価値を十分に高く評価すべきである。厳しい争いを経た出願に基づく特許は，局の手続を容易に経た特許よりも裁判所で有効になる傾向にある。これには2の理由があり，第1は，拒絶により，出願人又はその代理人に，補正案を強化して脆弱なクレームから脆弱性をできる限り失くすことが示唆されることであり，第2は，審査官により指摘され，最終的に局により出願人に有利に決定された各要点は，法廷で，当該要点について出願人に一応の当事者適格性を与えることである。庁は，法律により，特許出願について判断する権限を与えられており，庁に与えられた権限を理由に，出願の承認又はこれに関連するすべての事項に関するその決定は，裁判所により適正なものと推定される。 - 特許庁