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意味・対訳 特許(権)、パテント、特許品、特許証
patentの |
patentの |
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研究社 新英和中辞典での「patent」の意味 |
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「patent」を含む例文一覧
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Wiktionary英語版での「patent」の意味 |
patent
発音
- (Received 発音) IPA(key): /ˈpeɪtənt/, /ˈpæ-/
- (General American) enPR: pătʹənt, pātʹənt, IPA(key): /ˈpætənt/, [pʰæ̝ʔn̩t̚], /ˈpeɪ-/, [pʰe̞ɪ-]
- ハイフネーション: pa‧tent
- In the United Kingdom, the pronunciation beginning /peɪ-/ is more common than the one beginning /pæ-/ but some use the former for the senses of “obvious” and “open” and the latter for senses relating to “letters patent” and the noun.[1]
- In the United States, the pronunciation beginning /pæ-/ is the usual one. The pronunciation beginning /peɪ-/ is an alternative in the senses of “obvious” and “open”.[2]
語源 1
The noun is derived from Middle English patent (“document granting an office, property, right, title, etc.; document granting permission, licence; papal indulgence, pardon”) [and other forms],[3] which is either:[4]
- a clipping of lettre patent, lettres patente, lettres patentes [and other forms]; or
- directly from Anglo-Norman and Middle French patente (modern French patent), a clipping of Anglo-Norman lettres patentes, Middle French lettres patentes, lettre patente, and Old French patentes lettres (“document granting an office, privilege, right, etc., または making a decree”) (compare Late Latin patens, littera patens, litterae patentes).[1]
For the derivation of Anglo-Norman and Middle French patente (adjective) in lettre patente, see etymology 2 below.
The verb is derived from the noun.[5]
名詞
patent (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 patents)
- (law)
- An official document granting an appointment, privilege, or right, or some property or title; letters patent.
- 1660 February 20 (date written; Gregorian calendar), Samuel Pepys; Mynors Bright, transcriber, “February 10th, 1659–1660”, in Henry B[enjamin] Wheatley, editor, The Diary of Samuel Pepys […], volume I, London: George Bell & Sons […]; Cambridge: Deighton Bell & Co., published 1893, OCLC 1016700617, page 52:
- (specifically)
- (US, historical) A specific grant of ownership of a piece of real property; a land patent.
- An official document granting an appointment, privilege, or right, or some property or title; letters patent.
- (by extension) A product in respect of which a patent (sense 1.2.2) has been obtained.
- (uncountable) Short for patent leather (“a varnished, high-gloss leather typically used for accessories かつ shoes”).
- (figuratively)
- A licence or (formal) permission to do something.
- A characteristic or quality that one possesses; in particular (hyperbolic) as if exclusively; a monopoly.
- c. 1595–1596, William Shakespeare, A Midsommer Nights Dreame. […] (First Quarto), London: […] [Richard Bradock] for Thomas Fisher, […], published 1600, OCLC 1041029189, [Act I, scene i]:
- (gambling) The combination of seven bets on three selections, offering a return even if only one bet comes in.
派生語
動詞
patent (三人称単数 現在形 patents, 現在分詞 patenting, 過去形および過去分詞形 patented)
- (transitive, law)
- To (successfully) register (a new invention) with a government agency to obtain the sole privilege of its manufacture, sale, and use for a specified period.
- 2013 June 21, Karen McVeigh, “US Rules Human Genes Can’t be Patented”, in The Guardian Weekly[2], volume 189, number 2, London: Guardian News & Media, ISSN 0959-3608, OCLC 1060180436, page 10:
- The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.
- (US, historical) To obtain (over a piece of real property) a specific grant of ownership.
- To (successfully) register (a new invention) with a government agency to obtain the sole privilege of its manufacture, sale, and use for a specified period.
- (transitive, figuratively) To be closely associated or identified with (something); to monopolize.
派生語
語源 2
From Middle English patent, patente (“wide open; clear, unobstructed; unlimited; of a document: available for public inspection”) [and other forms],[6] from Anglo-Norman and Middle French patent (modern French patent), and directly from their etymon Latin patēns (“open; accessible, passable; evident, manifest; exposed, vulnerable”), the present active participle of pateō (“to be open; to be accessible, attainable; to be exposed, vulnerable; of frontiers または land: to extent, increase”), from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out; to fly”).[1]
形容詞
patent (comparative more patent, superlative most patent)
- Conspicuous; open; unconcealed.
- 1856, John Lothrop Motley, “Sowing the Wind”, in The Rise of the Dutch Republic. A History. […], volume I, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], OCLC 1138660207, part II (Administration of the Duchess Margaret. 1559–1567.), page 240:
- (baking) Of flour: fine, and consisting mostly of the inner part of the endosperm of the grain from which it is milled.
- (medicine) Open, unobstructed; specifically, especially of the ductus arteriosus or foramen ovale in the heart, having not closed as would have happened in normal development.
- (medicine, veterinary medicine) Of an infection: in the phase when the organism causing it can be detected by clinical tests.
- Explicit and obvious.
- Synonyms: express, monosemous, unambiguous; see also Thesaurus:explicit, Thesaurus:obvious
- Those claims are patent nonsense.
- 1916 March, “The Reconciliation of Government with Liberty. By John W[illiam] Burgess, Ph.D., Ju.D., LL.D. Scribner & Sons, New York. 1915. Pp. 410. [book review]”, in The Ecclesiastical Review: A Monthly Publication for the Clergy, volume IV (6th Series; volume LIV overall), number 3, Philadelphia, Pa.: American Ecclesiastical Review; The Dolphin Press, ISSN 0271-6836, OCLC 718545999, pages 373–374:
- Again we read at page 174: “Instead of the Universal Roman Catholic Church there existed after 1650 the National Catholic Churches of Spain, France, Austria, Poland, etc. more subject to the Royal supremacy than to the Papal, not, however, so completely as in England.” This is obviously an exaggeration. There never existed in the countries mentioned, least of all in Spain, any National Catholic Church. There would not have existed any such contradictorially-named organization even in England had it not been for the lechery of Henry VIII. Other similar misstatements might be noticed here and there. The author's intention, however, to be just is patent and his success in this respect is noteworthy.
- (archaic)
- Especially of a document conferring some privilege or right: open to public perusal or use.
- letters patent
- Appointed or conferred by letters patent.
- 1660 May 14 (date written; Gregorian calendar), Samuel Pepys; Mynors Bright, transcriber, “May 4th, 1660”, in Henry B[enjamin] Wheatley, editor, The Diary of Samuel Pepys […], volume I, London: George Bell & Sons […]; Cambridge: Deighton Bell & Co., published 1893, OCLC 1016700617, page 129:
- Especially of a document conferring some privilege or right: open to public perusal or use.
- (botany) Of a branch, leaf, etc.: outspread; also, spreading at right angles to the axis.
- (law) Protected by a legal patent.
- 1853, Pisistratus Caxton [pseudonym; Edward Bulwer-Lytton], chapter III, in “My Novel”; Or Varieties in English Life […], volume I, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, OCLC 457185834, book second, page 103:
- There, were also a small mouse-trap; a patent corkscrew, too good to be used in common; fragments of a silver tea-spoon, that had, by natural decay, arrived at a dissolution of its parts; […]
- (by extension, figuratively) To which someone has, or seems to have, a claim or an exclusive claim; also, inventive or particularly suited for.
- 1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “How Mr. Winkle, when He Stepped Out of the Frying-pan, Walked Gently and Comfortably into the Fire”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, OCLC 28228280, page 405:
派生語
参照
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “patent, adj.”, in OED Online
, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, December 2020; “patent, adj.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
- ^ “patent” in Stuart Berg Flexner, editor in chief, Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd rev. and updated edition, New York, N.Y.: Random House, 1993, →ISBN; reproduced on Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
- ^ “patent(e, n.(1)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- ^ “patent, n.”, in OED Online
, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, March 2021; “patent, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
- ^ “patent, v.”, in OED Online
, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, April 2020; “patent, v.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
- ^ “patent(e, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Further reading
発音
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