英和和英

語源

Borrowed from Latin prīmārius (“of the first (rank); chief, principal; excellent”), from prīmus (first; whence the English adjective prime) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary); compare the French primaire, primer, and premier. Doublet of premier.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈpɹaɪ.m(ə.)ɹi/
• (General American, Canada) enPR: prīʹmĕr-ē, IPA: /ˈpɹaɪˌmɛɹ.i/ or enPR: prīʹmə-rē, IPA: /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹi/
• (General Australian) IPA: /ˈpɹɑe.m(ə.)ɹiː/
• (New Zealand) IPA: /ˈpɹaɪ.m(ə.)ɹiː/, [ˈpɹɑe̯.mə.ɹiː], /ˈpɹaɪm.ɹiː/, [ˈpɹɑe̯m.ɹiː]
• 韻: -aɪməɹi, -aɪmɛɹi

形容詞

primary (comparative more primary, superlative most primary)

1. First or earliest in a group or series.

   Children attend primary school, and teenagers attend secondary school.

   • 1659, John Pearson, Exposition of the Creed:

     the church of Christ, in its primary institution

   • 1689 (indicated as 1690), [John Locke], An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. […], London: […] Eliz[abeth] Holt, for Thomas Basset, […], →OCLC:
     , Book II, Chapter VIII

     These I call original, or primary, qualities of body.

2. Main; principal; chief; placed ahead of others.

   Preferred stock has primary claim on dividends, ahead of common stock.

3. (geology) Earliest formed; fundamental.
4. (chemistry) Illustrating, possessing, or characterized by, some quality or property in the first degree; having undergone the first stage of substitution or replacement.
5. (medicine) Relating to the place where a disorder or disease started to occur.
6. (medicine) Relating to day-to-day care provided by health professionals such as nurses, general practitioners, dentists etc.

派生語

参考

• first
• primus inter pares

名詞

primary (plural primaries)

1. (political science) A primary election; a preliminary election to select a political candidate of a political party, or the first round of a two-round election.
   • 2020 September 14, Richard H. Pildes, “The three words that can avert an election nightmare”, in CNN‎:

     In recent primaries, for example, nearly 4% of absentees were rejected in Philadelphia; 8% in Kentucky; and 20% in parts of New York City.

   • 2024 January 22, Zachary B. Wolf, “2024 US presidential primaries, explained”, in CNN‎:

     Before Americans pick a president in November, they get to pick the candidates in a series of primaries and caucuses. […] Biden could still win New Hampshire’s primary through a write-in campaign, but the first sanctioned Democratic contest is in South Carolina in February.

2. The first year of grade school.
3. A base or fundamental component; something that is irreducible.
4. The most massive component of a gravitationally bound system, such as a planet in relation to its satellites.
5. A primary school.
   • 2001, David Woods, Martyn Cribb, Effective LEAs and school improvement:

     Excellence in Cities offers a further development of this approach, whereby secondary schools operate with small clusters of primaries as mini-EAZs.

6. (ornithology) Any flight feather attached to the manus (hand) of a bird.
   • 2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, page 115:

     `Good Lord, look at that swiftlet, it's got two primaries missing from its left wing!'

7. A primary colour.
   • 2003, Julie A Jacko, Andrew Sears, The human-computer interaction handbook:

     By adding and subtracting the three primaries, cyan, yellow, and magenta are produced. These are called subtractive primaries.

8. (military) The first stage of a thermonuclear weapon, which sets off a fission explosion to help trigger a fusion reaction in the weapon's secondary stage.
9. (aviation) A radar return from an aircraft (or other object) produced solely by the reflection of the radar beam from the aircraft's skin, without additional information from the aircraft's transponder.
10. (medicine) The primary site of a disease; the original location or source of the disease.

    unknown primary

    most common primaries

11. (electronics) A directly driven inductive coil, as in a transformer or induction motor that is magnetically coupled to a secondary.

派生語

動詞

primary (third-person singular simple present primaries, present participle primarying, simple past and past participle primaried)

1. (US, politics, transitive, intransitive) To challenge (an incumbent sitting politician) for their political party's nomination to run for re-election, through running a challenger campaign in a primary election, especially one that is more ideologically extreme.
   • 1974, Stan Steiner, The Islands: the Worlds of the Puerto Ricans, page 191:

     In the New England town where he ran a “couple of night clubs” . he was “primarying the mayor."

   • 1980, Empire State Report, volumes 6-7, page 303:

     What political facts of life underpin the hopes and dreams of democratic politicians who would take on the awesome task of “primarying” a two-term incumbent governor

   • 2014, Sanford L. Jacobs, The Little Black Book of Political Wisdom:

     Each of the past few election cycles has featured at least one instance of “primarying,” a challenge to an incumbent on the grounds that he or she is not sufficiently partisan.

   • 2014, Uncle Sam, How Fox News KO'd The Republican Party:

     The ad calls for loyal Tea Party members to step forward and run against all eighty-seven of the traitors in order to primary them.

   • 2014, Robert G. Boatright, Congressional Primary Elections, page 8:

     These instances of “primarying,” according to many, make Congress more partisan and extreme.

   • 2017, Aaron S. King, Unfolding Ambition in Senate Primary Elections, page 19:

     According to Boatright, 774 instances of challengers “primarying” sitting House incumbents occurred between 1970 and 2010.

   • 2019, Lawrence Lessig, They Don't Represent Us: Reclaiming Our Democracy:

     Democrats have made “primarying” a key technique for shifting the balance of power in Congress to the left.

   • 2020 August 7, Marc Merrill, Kathryn Murdoch, “How philanthropy could fix America’s broken politics”, in Fortune:

     In the last midterm election, every member of Congress who was defeated in a primary lost to a candidate who was more ideologically extreme. The message that sends to every other member is clear: If you work across the aisle to solve problems, prepare to be primaried and potentially defeated.

   • 2020 July 28, Steve Benen, “DeSantis' response panned as 'divorced from scientific evidence'”, in MSNBC:

     Richard Hopkins, an epidemiologist who spent 19 years at the Florida Department of Health, told the Post, in reference to DeSantis administration officials, “They keep hoping it’s going to go away by itself. I don’t know what’s going on -- whether they’re afraid that they will get primaried by someone to their right if they take appropriate public health action.”

   • 2020 August 11, Joe Traynor, “COMMUNITY VOICES: The test is coming for Republicans”, in The Bakersfield Californian:

     Trump has most Republican congressmen leery of opposing him on any issue, mainly out of fear of getting "primaried" by a Trump loyalist.

   • 2021 January 28, Chandelis Duster, quoting David Hogg, “Parkland shooting survivor calls for House GOP leader to denounce Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene”, in CNN‎:

     “My message to Kevin McCarthy is, take all of her committee assignments away … also, don’t support her when she runs for re-election again and try to get her primaried. If you say this is not your party, actually call it out and hold her accountable,” Hogg told CNN’s Alisyn Camerota on “New Day.”

2. (US, intransitive, transitive) To take part in a primary election.
   • 1981, Joseph I. Lieberman, The Legacy: Connecticut Politics, 1930-1980, page 171:

     Both were worried that Bailey would break some of their delegate commitments to keep them from primarying.

   • 2011, Christine O'Donnell, Troublemaker: Let's Do What It Takes to Make America Great Again, page 169:

     First, I'd challenge my opponent for the convention nomination. If I didn't prevail at the convention, that would be my answer. I wouldn't “primary” him—meaning, I wouldn't force a statewide primary election if he and I were the only two candidates in the field.

   • 2017 July 13, Angela Carella, “Stamford town clerk seeks nomination despite ballot probe”, in Stamford Advocate:

     “That’s the fun part - finding out who’s the unknown person who may want to primary to get one of the positions,” Kolenberg said.

参照

• primary on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Further reading

• “primary”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “primary”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.