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• principall (obsolete)

語源

From 中期英語 principal, from Old French principal, from Latin prīncipālis.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation, General American, Canada, General Australian) IPA: /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, [ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pɫ̩], /ˈpɹɪn.sə.pəl/, [ˈpɹɪn.sə.pɫ̩]
• Homophone: principle
• ハイフネーション: prin‧ci‧pal

形容詞

principal (comparative more principal, superlative most principal)

1. Primary; most important; first level in importance.

   Synonyms: chief, main, primary

   Smith is the principal architect of this design.

   The principal cause of the failure was poor planning.

   • 1725, Homer, “Book IX”, in [William Broome], transl., The Odyssey of Homer. […], volume II, London: […] Bernard Lintot, →OCLC, page 186:

     In a word, the Epiſodes of Homer are complete Epiſodes; they are proper to the ſubject, because they are drawn from the ground of the fable; they are ſo joined to the principal action, that one is the neceſſary conſequence of the other, either truly or probably: and laſtly, they are imperfect members which do not make a complete and finiſhed body; for an Epiſode that makes a complete action, cannot be part of a principal action; as is eſſential to all Epiſodes.

   • 1956 April, H. A. Vallance, “To Oslo via Stavanger”, in Railway Magazine, page 213:

     For many years, Oslo had no railway communication with Bergen and Stavanger, the principal seaports on the south-west coast.

   • 1995, Madeleine Cabos, Baedeker Paris, page 105:

     The principal treasure of ths department, however, is the Stele of Hammurabi (1792—1750 B.C.), king of the first Babylonian kingdom, a basalt cylinder 2.25m/7ft 5in. inscribed with Hammurabi's laws written in Akkadian in cuneiform script.

   • 2005, Ruth N. Collins, “Application of Phylogenetic Algorithms to Assess Rab Functional Relationships”, in Sidney P. Colowick, Alan Hall, editors, Methods in Enzymology, volume 403, page 22:

     In theory, there are the same number of principal components as there are variables, but in practice, usually only a few of the principal components need to be identified to account for most of the data variance.

   • 2022, Tanya Reilly, The Staff Engineer's Path‎, O'Reilly, →ISBN:

     I understand that feeling. Through 20 years in the industry, I've stayed on the staff engineer's path, and I'm now a senior principal engineer, parallel to a senior director on my company's career ladder.

2. (obsolete, Latinism) Of or relating to a prince; princely.
   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

     But walkt at will, and wandred to and fro, / In the pride of his freedome principall.

3. (mathematics) Chosen or assumed among a branch of possible values of a multi-valued function so that the function is single-valued.

   Two is the principal square root of 4. Both −2 and +2 are square roots of 4.

使用する際の注意点

• Principal should not be confused with principle. Principle is always a noun, which is sometimes erroneously used with the meaning of the adjective principal.
• Incorrect: He is the principle musician in the band
• Correct: He is the principal musician in the band

Similarly principal (or principally) may sometimes erroneously get used as an adjective form of principle. Possible alternatives for an adjective with a meaning closer to the noun principle are fundamental and ethical.

• Incorrect: I have principal objections.
• Correct: I have ethical objections.

This can vary in other languages, for example in Dutch where the noun principe does have an adjective form in principieel. This can be a source of confusion if a Dutch speaker assumes an adjective form of principle would also exist in English which may lead them to erroneously use the similar-sounding adjective principal in an English text for this purpose. Principal is generally not used in the comparative or superlative in formal writing, as the meaning is already superlative. However, like unique, it is sometimes used in this way.

関連する語

• principally

名詞

principal (countable and uncountable, plural principals)

1. (finance, uncountable) The money originally invested or loaned, on which basis interest and returns are calculated.

   A portion of your mortgage payment goes to reduce the principal, and the rest covers interest.

   • 1902, William Pember Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, volume 1, Cambridge University Press, published 2011, page 342:

     In March 1902, I find in the statement of liabilities and assets £711 put down as arrears of interest, but there is no entry of arrears of principal.

   • 2012, Denis Clifford, Plan Your Estate, 11th Edition, NOLO, US, page 298,

     For instance, in some states, dividends that have automatically been reinvested will be treated as principal.

   • 2012, Fred Steingold, Legal Forms for Starting & Running a Small Business, page 88:

     If you know the principal amount, the interest rate, and the number of years the payments will be made, you can consult an amortization calculator or schedule to arrive at the monthly payment.

   Coordinate term: interest

2. (Canada, US, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines) The chief administrator of a school.

   Synonyms: (UK) headteacher, headmaster, headmistress

   • 1971, Louis Kaplan, Education and Mental Health, page 413:

     The important administrative figure to the teacher is the school principal.

   • 2008, Brian Dive, The Accountable Leader: Developing Effective Leadership Through Managerial Accountability, page 212:

     The problem was neatly summed up by one principal in Australia who said recently: ‘There is no incentive for me to develop my best teachers to become my successor. […] ’

   • 2009, Colin J. Marsh, Key Concepts for Understanding Curriculum, page 132:

     Now renamed Teaching Australia, its officers are undertaking exploratory steps in developing professional standards for school leaders. A National Standards Drafting Group of volunteer principals is currently drafting principal standards (Teaching Australia, 2007).

   • 2011, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook 2011-2012, page 45,

     Principals are now being held more accountable for the performance of students and teachers, while at the same time they are required to adhere to a growing number of government regulations.

   Coordinate terms: master, mistress, headteacher

3. (UK, Canada) The chief executive and chief academic officer of a university or college.

   Synonyms: dean, rector

   • 1967, University of Edinburgh Graduates′ Association, University of Edinburgh Journal, Volumes 23-24, page 314,

     Unlike the students, Principal Robertson, who now resided almost alone in the College, continued to use the accustomed route on his visits to the Old Town; and it “became the joke of the day that from being the principal gate it had become only a gate for the Principal.”

   Coordinate term: bursar

4. (law) A legal person that authorizes another (the agent) to act on their behalf; or on whose behalf an agent or gestor in a negotiorum gestio acts.

   Synonym: client

   When an attorney represents a client, the client is the principal who permits the attorney, the client′s agent, to act on the client′s behalf.

   My principal sells metal shims.

   • 1958, American Law Institute., Restatement of the Law, Second: Agency 2d, volume 7, page 533:

     The firm admitted the amount owed, but averred as an affirmative defense that it had hired the expert as an agent of a disclosed principal, the client.

   • 1966, Pan American Union, The Marketing Structure for Selected Processed Food Products: In Sweden, Denmark, Norway, The Federal Republic of Germany, Canada and the United Kingdom, page 34:

     A food broker has been defined as an independent sales agent who performs the services of negotiating the sale of food and/or grocery products for and on account of the seller as principal.

   • 2009, California Continuing Education of the Bar, California Probate Code, page 375,

     An attorney-in-fact has a duty to act solely in yhe interest of the principal and to avoid conflicts of interest.

5. (law) The primary participant in a crime.

   Synonym: ringleader

   Coordinate term: accessory

   Hypernym: accomplice

   • 1915, Eugene Allen Gilmore, Wiliam Charles Wermuth, Modern American Law, page 125:

     The accessories may be prosecuted, tried and punished, though the principal has not been prosecuted or has been acquitted.

6. Either party in a duel.
   • 1868, Andrew Steinmetz, The Romance of Duelling in All Times and Countries, volume I, London: Chapman and Hall, page 107:

     The old man raised his arm as though it had been palsied, and fired, of course without effect. The other principal immediately deloped, much to the satisfaction of my friend and all present.

7. (Canada, US) A partner or owner of a business.

   Synonym: proprietor

8. (music) A type of stop on a pipe organ consisting of flue pipes with a bright tonal quality. They are also sometimes referred to as a diapason.
9. (architecture, engineering) The construction that gives shape and strength to a roof, generally a truss of timber or iron; or, loosely, the most important member of a piece of framing.
10. The first two long feathers of a hawk's wing.
    • 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC:

      a birde whose principals be scarce growne out

    • 1856, John Henry Walsh, Manual of British Rural Sports:

      The first two feathers - Principals

11. One of the turrets or pinnacles of waxwork and tapers with which the posts and centre of a funeral hearse were formerly crowned
12. (obsolete) An essential point or rule; a principle.
    • 1847, Great Britain. Committee on Education, Minutes of the Committee of Council on Education, page 446:

      Set two classes of monitors to question each other; so that one may try to outquestion the other. Explain to them the principal of every subject they have to teach.

13. A dancer at the highest rank within a professional dance company, particularly a ballet company.
14. (computing) A security principal.
15. A main character or lead actor.
    • 1973 August 4, J. Ralf Green, “The Hossenpfepper Column”, in Gay Community News, page 3:

      Silverberg also gives the reader reader some excellent character insight; deep probes into the minds of all the principals bring the reader closer to the persons involved than might be thought possible with the plot so far removed from the realm of normality.

使用する際の注意点

Principal should not be confused with principle. They are both nouns, but principle means "moral rule", while principal may refer to a person or entity.

• Incorrect: He is the principle of our school
• Correct: He is the principal of our school

関連する語

派生語

参考

• PITI payment
• prince
• principality
• principle

参照