英和和英

別の表記

• proletarianisation (non-Oxford British English)

語源

From proletarianize +‎ -ation (suffix indicating the result of an action または process).^[1]

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /ˌpɹəʊ.lɪˌtɛː.ɹɪ.ə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃn̩/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˌpɹoʊ.ləˌtɛ.ɹi.ə.nəˈzeɪ.ʃ(ə)n/, /ˈpɹoʊ-/, /-ˌnaɪ-/
• 韻: -eɪʃən
• ハイフネーション: pro‧le‧tar‧i‧an‧i‧za‧tion

名詞

proletarianization (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 proletarianizations) (米国用法 spelling, Oxford 英国用法 English)

1. The act or process of making somebody or something proletarian.
   • 1959, W. L. Burn, “The Conservative Tradition and Its Reformulations”, in Morris Ginsberg, editor, Law and Opinion in England in the Twentieth Century, Berkeley; Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, OCLC 259142, pages 42–43:

     [H]e would have found if he had lived for another half-century, and can be credited for foreseeing in 1906, such a disintegration and proletarianisation of society as he understood it as to transform it into a mob, and such a weakening of the national will as to leave it purposeless and helpless.

   • 1999, Bill V. Mullen, “Worker-writers in Bronzeville”, in Popular Fronts: Chicago and African-American Cultural Politics, 1935–46, Urbana; Chicago, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, →ISBN, page 117:

     [Alice Crolley] Browning and [Fern] Gayden's commitment to publishing work by both black and white working-class and novice writers constituted one of the first commercial proletarianizations of African-American literature in the city's—and the country's—history.

   • 2018, Amélia Augusto; Caterina Sales Oliveira; Emília Araújo; Carla Cerqueira, “The Place for Gender Research in Contemporary Portuguese Science and Higher Education Policies within the Context of Neo-liberalism”, in Heike Kahlert, editor, Gender Studies and the New Academic Governance: Global Challenges, Global Dynamics and Local Impacts, Wiesbaden: Springer Nature, DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-19853-4, →ISBN, part II (Interactions: Gender Research, Academic Feminism かつ Society), page 110:

     Pereira (2016) speaks of performativity schemes designed to monitor individual and institutional performance which according to Burrows (2012) are based on metrics and ranking structures that enable and legitimise a "quantified control" (Burrows (2012) in Pereira (2016), p. 100) of the different types of academic work, throwing many research activities, including publication, into contexts of new proletarianisations.

   1. (Marxism) The social process whereby people move from being either employers, unemployed, or self-employed to being employed as wage labour by employers.

      Synonym: proletarization

      Antonyms: bourgeoisification, embourgeoisement

      • 1898, Werner Sombart, “Tendencies of the Present”, in Anson P. Atterbury, transl., Socialism and the Social Movement in the 19th Century […], New York, N.Y.; London: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons […], OCLC 29112887, pages 155–156:

        For this is clear: the whole reason for the existence of socialistic agitation, as it is to-day attempted, with the cry of a "need of nature" in the economic development, falls to the ground in the moment when this economic development does not lead to the proletarianisation of the masses and to the communisation of the processes of production—to mercantile operations on a large scale.

      • 1907, Antonio Labriola, “Concerning the Crisis of Marxism”, in Ernest Untermann, transl., Socialism and Philosophy […] (International Library of Social Science), Chicago, Ill.: Charles H[ope] Kerr & Company, OCLC 1626377, page 203:

        Whether the proletarianization of the masses continues or not, whether [Karl] Marx's theory of value is exact or not, these and other related questions, while of the greatest importance, do not interest him [Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk] as a philosopher.

      • 1913, Gregor Alexinsky [i.e., Grigory Aleksinsky], “Rural Economy and the Agrarian Question”, in Bernard Miall, transl., Modern Russia, London; Leipzig: T[homas] Fisher Unwin […], OCLC 458410358, book II (The Modern Period), section IV, pages 152–153:

        The representation of the Russian commune as a system that will save the population from proletarianization is equally false. According to the preceding chapters, we know that the progress of proletarianization in Russia has been extremely rapid, despite the existence of the commune.

      • 1958, The New Republic, volume 138, New York, N.Y.: The Republic Publishing Company, ISSN 0028-6583, OCLC 648332520, page 14:

        But that is not the only alternative, except in the minds of latter-day Jacobins for whom the stratifications of the ancien régime are more real than the proletarianizations of their own time.

      • 1980 January, Magali Sarfatti Larson, “Proletarianization and Educated Labor”, in Theory and Society: Renewal and Critique in Social Theory, volume 9, number 1, Amsterdam; London: Elsevier, DOI:10.1007/BF00158895, ISSN 0304-2421, JSTOR 656825, OCLC 714976260, page 139:

        Beginning with the sale of labor power, proletarianization evolves through the various modes of organizing labor and extracting surplus value; the effects of proletarian subjection to alien authority change, in turn, the conditions in which labor power is sold and the social nature of the sellers.

      • 1986, Kathryn May Robinson, “Conclusion”, in Stepchildren of Progress: The Political Economy of Development in an Indonesian Mining Town (SUNY Series in the Anthropology of Work), Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, →ISBN, page 287:

        [T]he mining project set in motion a process of proletarianisation, whereby the indigenous people of Soroako (the orang asli Soroako) became incorporated into a system of social relations organised around the appropriation of the means of production by a single class that exploits the labour of a nonpropertied class.

      • 1991, Gerald Grace, “The State and the Teachers: Problems in Teacher Supply, Retention and Morale”, in Gerald Grace and Martin Lawn, editors, Teacher Supply and Teacher Quality: Issues for the 1990s, Clevedon, Avon; Bristol, Pa.: Multilingual Matters, →ISBN, page 8:

        Developments such as this give much more credence to critical analysis of the teaching profession which suggests that it is undergoing a process of proletarianisation in an ideological climate hostile to the interests of state school teachers.

      • 1996, Immanuel Wallerstein, “The Global Possibilities, 1990–2025”, in The Age of Transition: Trajectory of the World-system, 1945–2025, London; Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Zed Books, published 1998, →ISBN, page 228:

        There will have been enough 'cleaning-out' of unprofitable productive enterprises worldwide, enough elimination of accumulated rent situations, and enough innovations in the prospective new leading industries, plus enough restoration worldwide of global demand through a combination of new proletarianizations and in the increase in social benefits acquired as a result of the renewed class struggles, such that there will once again be an adequate basis for an expansionary momentum in the world-economy.

      • 2000, James F[rancis] McMillan, France and Women 1789–1914: Gender, Society and Politics, London; New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 165:

        As the countryside became more rural and de-industrialised with the decline of rural industry, peasant women experienced a process which could not unfairly be described as proletarianisation.

      • 2015, Viv Ellis; Jane McNicholl, “Teacher Educators, Proletarianization and the Discipline of Education”, in Transforming Teacher Education: Reconfiguring the Academic Work, London: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 104:

        [T]o refer to academic workers as being subject to proletarianization is not self-indulgent fantasy on our part; Marx and [Friedrich] Engels themselves noted that professional groups were subject to the proletarianization process and reduction to 'wage labour' [...]

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