英和和英

発音

• (英国発音)
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /nəʊ/
  • (Scotland) IPA: /no/
  • (Wales, without the toe–tow merger) IPA: /nou/
  • (Northumbria) IPA: /naː/
• (General American) enPR: nō, IPA: /noʊ/
• (General Australian) IPA: [nəʉ]
• 韻: -əʊ
• 異形同音異義語: no, noh (both toe–tow merger)

語源 1

From 中期英語 knowen, from 古期英語 cnāwan (“to know, perceive, recognise”), from Proto-West Germanic *knāan, from Proto-Germanic *knēaną (“to know”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).

別の表記

• knaa (Northumbria)
• knowe (obsolete)

動詞

know (third-person singular simple present knows, present participle knowing, simple past knew or (nonstandard) knowed, past participle known or (colloquial and nonstandard) knew)

1. (transitive) To perceive the truth or factuality of; to be certain of; to be certain that.
   • 1985 April 17, Frank Herbert, 15:46 from the start, in Frank Herbert speaking at UCLA 4/17/1985‎, UCLACommStudies, archived from the original on 10 February 2017:

     Question things. I have the most fun when I'm writing questioning things that people do not question- the assumptions that everybody knows are true.

   • 1991 September, Stephen Fry, chapter 1, in The Liar, London: Heinemann, →ISBN, section II, page 24:

     '[…] I know whether a boy is telling me the truth or not.'
     'Thank you, sir.'
     Did he hell. They never bloody did.

   I know that I’m right and you’re wrong.

   He knew something terrible was going to happen.

2. (intransitive) To be or become aware or cognizant.

   Did you know Michelle and Jack were getting divorced? ― Yes, I knew.

   Malware's sometimes been known to sit dormant for a long time.

   • 1749, Henry Fielding, “A whimsical Adventure which befel the Squire, with the distressed Situation of Sophia”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume VI, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book XVI, page 7:

     ‘A Gentleman!’ quoth the Squire, ‘who the Devil can he be? Do, Doctor, go down and ſee who ’tis. Mr. Blifil can hardly be come to town yet.—Go down, do, and know what his Buſineſs is.[’]

3. (transitive) To be aware of; to be cognizant of.

   Did you know Michelle and Jack were getting divorced? ― Yes, I knew.

   She knows where I live.

   I knew he was upset, but I didn't understand why.

   • 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y.; London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC, page 18:

     I stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path that, I cal'lated, might lead to the road I was hunting for. It twisted and turned, and, the first thing I knew, made a sudden bend around a bunch of bayberry scrub and opened out into a big clear space like a lawn.

   • 2019 September 12, “Scientists discover water, temperature conditions right for life at planet called K2-18b outside solar system”, in South China Morning Post‎, sourced from Associated Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 11 September 2019, Europe‎:

     Discovered in 2015, the planet known as K2-18b is twice the size of Earth with eight times the mass. While it is thought to be rocky, no one knows if water’s flowing on the surface.

4. (intransitive, obsolete) To be acquainted (with another person).
   • c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene vi], page 350, column 1:

     You, and I haue knowne ſir.

5. (transitive) To be acquainted or familiar with; to have encountered.

   I know your mother, but I've never met your father.

   Borja, do you know Pilar? - Sure, we've actually met before.

   I got to know her during the pandemic, so we've known each other for years now.

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter I, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 1:

     I was about to say that I had known the Celebrity from the time he wore kilts. But I see I shall have to amend that, because he was not a celebrity then, nor, indeed, did he achieve fame until some time after I had left New York for the West.

   • 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

     Marsha is my roommate. — I know Marsha. She is nice.

   1. (transitive, archaic, biblical, euphemistic) To have sexual relations with. This meaning normally specified in modern English as e.g. to 'know someone in the biblical sense' or to 'know biblically'.
      • 1560, [William Whittingham et al., transl.], The Bible and Holy Scriptures Conteyned in the Olde and Newe Testament. […] (the Geneva Bible), Geneva: […] Rouland Hall, →OCLC, Genesis IIII:1, folio 2, verso:

        AFterwarde the man knewe Heuáh his wife, which cõceiued & bare Káin, & ſaid, I haue obteined a man by yͤ Lord.

      • 1939, Dorothy Parker, “Horsie,”, in Here lies: The collected stories of Dorothy Parker‎:

        Now Gerald had never thought of her having a mother. Then there must have been a father, too, some time. And Miss Wilmarth existed because two people once had loved and known. It was not a thought to dwell upon.

      • 2003 May 11, Garland Testa, 19:37 from the start, in Gary McCarver, director, Night and Deity (King of the Hill), season 7, episode 21, spoken by Dale Gribble (Johnny Hardwick), 20th Century Fox:

        Wait a second. Are you… attempting to know me?

6. (transitive) To experience.

   Their relationship knew ups and downs.

   • 1991, Irvin Haas, Historic Homes of the American Presidents, page 155:

     The Truman family knew good times and bad, […].

7. To understand or have a grasp of through experience or study.

   Let me do it. I know how it works.

   She knows how to swim.

   His mother tongue is Italian, but he also knows French and English.

   She knows chemistry better than anybody else.

   Know your enemy and know yourself.

   • 2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

     The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

8. (transitive) To be able to distinguish, to discern, particularly by contrast or comparison; to recognize the nature of.

   to know a person's face or figure

   to know right from wrong

   I wouldn't know one from the other.

   • 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Matthew vij:[16], folio ix, recto:

     Ye ſhall knowe them by their frutes.

   • 1920, Mary Roberts Rinehart, Avery Hopwood, “The Shadow of the Bat”, in The Bat: A Novel from the Play (Dell Book; 241), New York, N.Y.: Dell Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 6:

     The Bat—they called him the Bat. […]. He'd never been in stir, the bulls had never mugged him, he didn't run with a mob, he played a lone hand, and fenced his stuff so that even the fence couldn't swear he knew his face.

   • 1980, Armored and mechanized brigade operations, p.3−29:

     Flares do not know friend from foe and so illuminate both. Changes in wind direction can result in flare exposure of the attacker while defenders hide in the shadows.

9. (transitive) To recognize as the same (as someone or something previously encountered) after an absence or change.
   • c. 1645-1688, Thomas Flatman, Translation of Part of Petronius Arbiter's Satyricon:

     At nearer view he thought he knew the dead, / And call'd the wretched man to mind.

   • 1816 June – 1817 April/May (date written), [Mary Shelley], chapter V, in Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. […], volume I, London: […] [Macdonald and Son] for Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, published 1 January 1818, →OCLC, page 115:

     Ernest also is so much improved, that you would hardly know him: […].

10. (intransitive) To have knowledge; to have information, be informed.

    It is vital that he not know.

    She knew of our plan.

    He knows about 19th century politics.

    • 1908, W[illiam] B[lair] M[orton] Ferguson, chapter IV, in Zollenstein, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC, page 41:

      “My Continental prominence is improving,” I commented dryly. ¶ Von Lindowe cut at a furze bush with his silver-mounted rattan. ¶ “Quite so,” he said as dryly, his hand at his mustache. “I may say if your intentions were known your life would not be worth a curse.”

    • 2014 April 21, “Subtle effects”, in The Economist, volume 411, number 8884:

      Manganism has been known about since the 19th century, when miners exposed to ores containing manganese, a silvery metal, began to totter, slur their speech and behave like someone inebriated.

    • 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

      Marsha knows.

11. (transitive) To be able to play or perform (a song or other piece of music).

    Do you know "Blueberry Hill"?

12. (transitive) To have indexed and have information about within one's database.
    • 2023 June 7, “Search Names and Meanings”, in Name Doctor‎, archived from the original on 7 June 2023:

      Mmm... Seems you searched for a name that we don't know, we'll send our trained monkeys to check what's in stock.

13. (transitive, philosophy) To maintain (a belief, a position) subject to a given philosophical definition of knowledge; to hold a justified true belief.

使用する際の注意点

• This is generally a stative verb that rarely takes the continuous inflection. See Category:English stative verbs
• “Knowen” is found in some old texts as the past participle.
• In some old texts, the form “know to [verb]” rather than “know how to [verb]” is found, e.g. Milton wrote: “he knew himself to sing, and build the lofty rhymes”.