issimusとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Inherited from Proto-Italic *-isəmos, from Proto-Indo-European *-is-(t)m̥mós, from *-yōs (comparative suffix, zero-grade *-is) +‎ *-(t)m̥mos (absolute superlative suffix).

The latter is seen whole in -timus (e.g. intimus, extimus, citimus, ultimus, assimilated pessimus, optimus). The original form seems, however, to be *-m̥mós (see super, summus), which acquired an initial /t/ from the paradigm -ter ~ -timus (e.g. exter ~ extimus), and is cognate with Proto-Germanic *-umô (source, via metanalysis, of English -most). By various sound changes (e.g. *-isəmos > *-ismos > *-īmus) superlative grades in -īmus, -ēmus etc. (e.g. extrēmus, suprēmus) are also found.

The expected development of *-(o)ism̥mos > *-erimus is nowhere to be found. The geminate /s/ may be the result of expressive lengthening or influence from specific forms similar to pessimus and endings in -errimus and -illimus.

(Can this etymology be sourced?)

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ɪs.sɪ.mʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [is.si.mus]

接尾辞

-issimus (feminine -issima, neuter -issimum); first/second-declension suffix

1. Added to an adjective noun to form its superlative grade:

   ‎altus (“high”) + ‎-issimus → ‎altissimus (“highest”)

   ‎fortis (“strong”) + ‎-issimus → ‎fortissimus (“strongest”)

使用する際の注意点

• Stems in -ro- and -lo- instead take the suffix -errimus and -illimus respectively (e.g. *polkros (pulcher) > *polkrisemos > *polkr̥semos > *polkersimos > pulcherrimus).
• Some adjective nouns have irregular superlative grades from other roots or compositions (e.g. bonus – optimus, malus – pessimus, magnus – maximus).

語形変化

First/second-declension adjective.

等位語

• -ior

派生した語

• Old French: -isme
• → Catalan: -íssim
• → Franco-Provençal: -issimo
• → French: -issime
• → Galician: -ísimo
• Italian: -issimo
• → Portuguese: -íssimo
• Sicilian: -ìssimu
• → Spanish: -ísimo

参照

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• 1865, Ferdinand Schultz, Lateiniſche Sprachlehre zunächſt für Gymnasien bearbeitet [Latin grammar adapted primarily for grammar schools], 6th edition, Paderborn, §67, pages 76–77:

  Die Superlativendung issimus ſchrieb man in der Vorauguſteiſchen Zeit auch vielfach issumus (ebenſo errumus, illumus; vrgl. §. 4. Anm. 2.), und ſo ſchreiben auch heut zu Tage viele Kritiker in den Ausgaben namentlich der Komiker, des Salluſt, und auch wohl des Cicero.

  The superlative ending issimus is also written frequently in the pre-Augustan era as issumus (likewise errumus, illumus; cf. §4 annotation 2.), and so too do many critics write today particularly in the editions of the comics, of Sallust, and indeed of Cicero.