umとは意味・読み方・使い方

代名詞

'um

1. Alternative form of 'em
   • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. In Six Volumes, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: Printed by A[ndrew] Millar, […], OCLC 928184292:

     They call themselves gentlemen, I warrant you; but, as my first husband used to say, they should remember it is we that pay them. And to be sure it is very hard upon us to be obliged to pay them, and to keep 'um too, as we publicans are.

派生語

• no-see-um

アナグラム

• -mu-, MU, Mu, mu

語源 1

From the homographic case endings of the nominative, accusative, and vocative forms of numerous neuter Latin second declension nouns.

接尾辞

-um (複数形 -a)

1. Denotes singular grammatical number.
2. (chemistry) Forms the ends of the names of certain elements (such as molybdenum かつ platinum).

使用する際の注意点

• The vast majority of words which feature this suffix also have standard -ums plurals formed by suffixation with the -s plural suffix. However, in such situations, the -s suffix morphologically is additional to and separate from the -um suffix.

派生語

参考

語源 2

Possibly from 'em.

接尾辞

-um

1. Denotes transitive verbs in the trade pidgins used between English-speakers and indigenous populations; used derogatorily by extension in English by addition to any verb, transitive or not.
   • 1871, Mrs. Edward Millett, An Australian parsonage; or, The settler and the savage in Western Australia, p. 129:

     Having finished her return of deaths, she went on to say "Black fellow sick—white lady fowl sendum—white lady kangaroo sendum—master all self eatum—" but here she paused and made an exception in favour of the matron, expressed by the words " Missis not eatum—missis good fellow."

   • 1896, F J Stimsom, King Noanett: A Story of Old Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay, p. 254:

     "Givum dinner; smokum pipe," was all that we could get out of Quatchett.

派生語

(any sense):

アナグラム

• -mu-, MU, Mu, mu

Latin

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /um/, [ʊ̃ˑ]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /um/, [um]

語源 1

From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-om (thematic masculine 単数形 accusative かつ neuter 単数形 nominative かつ accusative ending).

別の表記

• -om (conditioned variant used after -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD)

接尾辞

-um

1. inflection of -us:
   1. accusative masculine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular

語源 2

From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive 複数形 ending).

別の表記

• -om (conditioned variant used after -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD)
• -ûm, -ôm; -ūm, -ōm (alternative spellings formerly used in specific contexts in New Latin かつ modern editions of Old/Classical/Late Latin works; see usage notes)

接尾辞

-um

1. genitive plural ending

使用する際の注意点

Latin genitive plural forms take the ending -um either by itself, or with additional preceding material (generally determined by the word's conjugation class). First and second declension nouns and adjectives usually have genitive plural forms ending in -ārum and -ōrum, but in some contexts take the short ending -um (without preceding -ār-/-ōr-) instead: this is common with words denoting weights, measures and monetary value and with distributive numerals.^[1][2]

• second declension words with genitive plurals in -um:
  • distributive numerals
  • names of weights and measures: dēnārius, medimnum, nummus, sēstertius, stadium, talentum
  • deus and dīvus (the latter having the archaic genitive 複数形 form divom with O due to the preceding V)
  • various other words, especially in poetry
• first declension words with genitive plurals in -um:
  • the measure words and amphora and drachma (less frequently than drachmarum)
  • in dactylic verse, compounds of -cola and -gena
  • some masculine Greek proper nouns, such as patronymics

In New Latin texts, the genitive plural suffix -um was formerly often spelled with an accent as -ûm (または -ôm after V/U) when it appears instead of -ārum or -ōrum in words of the first or second declension such as amphorûm and deûm. This circumflexed spelling appears to have been motivated by the reinterpretation of the short ending as a contraction of -ōrum/-ārum, leading to the mistaken assumption that forms like amphorum contained a long vowel in the final syllable. For the same reason, the ending can be found spelled as -ūm (または -ōm after V/U) in some sources that use macrons to mark long vowels, such as Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary. However, this interpretation is outdated: according to modern etymological understanding, all Latin words ending in -um, regardless of their case, number or declension, were pronounced in Classical Latin with a short vowel in the final syllable^[3].

Aside from the contraction hypothesis, other factors that may have contributed to the use of the circumflexed spelling -ûm are influence from the spelling of Greek genitive plural forms ending in -ῶν or desire to disambiguate genitive plural forms from accusative singular forms which would otherwise be spelled the same.

Third declension words that have genitive plurals ending in -um as an alternative to -ium have also been spelled with -ûm, again with the justification that the shorter ending is interpreted as being a contraction of the longer variant. Examples are coelestûm and caedûm used as spellings of the short genitive plurals of coelestis and caedes (compared to the long forms coelestium かつ caedium).^[4].

参照

語源

From Middle English um-, umbe-, embe-, from 古期英語 ymb-, ymbe- (“around”), from Proto-West Germanic *umbi-, from Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around, about, by, near”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”). Cognate with Dutch om- (“around”), German um- (“around”), Latin amb- (“around, about”), Latin ambi- (“both”), Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “around, about”), Sanskrit अभि (abhi, “against, about”). More at umbe.

接頭辞

um-

1. (rare, usually no longer productive, primarily in dialects, chiefly Scotland) 接頭辞 meaning around, about.

派生語

アナグラム

• -mu-, MU, Mu, mu