rashとは意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received 発音, General American) IPA^(key): /ɹæʃ/
• 韻: -æʃ

語源 1

The adjective is derived from Middle English rash, rasch (“hasty, headstrong, rash”) [and other forms],^[1] probably from 古期英語 *ræsc (“rash”) (found in derivatives such as ræscan (“to move rapidly; to flicker; to flash; to glitter; to quiver”), ræscettan (“to crackle; to sparkle”), etc.), from Proto-Germanic *raskaz, *raskuz, *raþskaz, *raþskuz (“rash; rapid”), from Proto-Indo-European *ret- (“to run, roll”). The Middle English word was probably influenced by the cognates listed below.^[2]

The adverb is derived from Middle English rashe (“quickly, rapidly”), from rash, rasch (adjective) (see above).^[2][3]

形容詞

rash (comparative rasher, superlative rashest)

1. Acting too quickly without considering the consequences and risks; not careful; hasty.

   Synonyms: foolhardy, heady, impulsive, precipitate; see also Thesaurus:reckless

   Antonyms: prudent, unrash

   rash words spoken in the heat of debate

   • 1563 March 30​, John Foxe, “Examinations and Martyrdom of John Philpot”, in Actes and Monuments of These Latter and Perillous Dayes, […], London: […] Iohn Day, […], OCLC 64451939, book V, page [1470]:

     […] Eusebius doth report that Ireneus dyd reprooue Victor byshop of Rome for his rash sentēce in excōmunicating the Churches of Grece, concerning the obseruation of the feast of Easter.

   • 1651, Thomas Hobbes, “Of Imagination”, in Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme, & Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill, London: […] [William Wilson] for Andrew Crooke, […], OCLC 895063360, first part (Of Man), page 7:

     For ſitting in his [Marcus Junius Brutus's] tent, penſive and troubled vvith the horrour of his raſh act, it vvas not hard for him, ſlumbering in the cold, to dream of that vvhich moſt affrighted him; […]

   • 1659, T[itus] Livius [i.e., Livy], “[Book X]”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Romane Historie […], London: […] W. Hunt, for George Sawbridge, […], OCLC 12997447, page 310:

     [T]hrough the raſh adventure and fool-hardineſs of ſome fevv, an overture only made, and ſome advantage got of performing a great piece of ſervice and vvorthy exploit.

   • 1671, John Milton, “Samson Agonistes, […]”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J. M[acock] for John Starkey […], OCLC 228732398, lines 8–9, page 57:

     I vvas a fool, too raſh, and quite miſtaken / In vvhat I thought vvould have ſucceeded beſt.

   • 1761, [Laurence Sterne], “Slawkenbergius’s Tale”, in The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, volume IV, London: […] R[obert] and J[ames] Dodsley […], OCLC 959921526, page 65:

     He will tell you in how few moments ſhe repented of the raſh meſſage ſhe had ſent you— […]

   • 1782, William Cowper, “Conversation”, in Poems, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], OCLC 1029672464, page 257:

     So ſhould an ideot vvhile at large he ſtrays, / Find the ſvveet lyre on vvhich an artiſt plays, / VVith raſh and aukvvard force the chords he ſhakes, / And grins vvith vvonder at the jar he makes; […]

   • 1814, Dante Alighieri, “Canto V”, in H[enry] F[rancis] Cary, transl., The Vision; or, Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise, of Dante Alighieri. [...] In Three Volumes, volume III (Paradise), London: […] [J. Barfield] for Taylor and Hessey, […], OCLC 559008226, lines 63–68, pages 21–22:

     Take then no vow at random: ta'en, with faith / Preserve it; yet not bent, as Jephthah once, / Blindly to execute a rash resolve, / Whom better it had suited to exclaim, / 'I have done ill,' than to redeem his pledge / By doing worse: […]

   • 1928, D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, chapter XVIII, in Lady Chatterley’s Lover, authorized British edition, London: Martin Secker […], published February 1932 (May 1932 printing), OCLC 560928522, page 283:

     She did a rash thing. She sent a letter to Ivy Bolton, enclosing a note to the keeper, and asking Mrs Bolton to give it to him.

2. (Northern England, archaic) Of corn or other grains: so dry as to fall out of the ear with handling.
3. (obsolete, rare)
   1. Requiring swift action; pressing; urgent.
      • c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act IV, scene ii]:

        My Lord, I ſcarce haue leiſure to ſalute you, / My matter is ſo raſh: […]

   2. Taking effect quickly and strongly; fast-acting.
      • c. 1596–1599, William Shakespeare, The Second Part of Henrie the Fourth, […], quarto edition, London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for Andrew Wise, and William Aspley, published 1600, OCLC 55178895, [Act IV, scene iii]:

        [T]he vnited veſſel of their bloud, / […] / Shall neuer leake, though it doe vvorke as ſtrong, / As Aconitum, or raſh gunpovvder.

      • c. 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, “The VVinters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene ii], page 280, column 1:

        Sir (my Lord) / I could doe this, and that vvith no raſh Potion, / But with a lingring Dram, that ſhould not vvorke / Maliciouſly, like Poyſon.

      • 1875–1876, Gerard Manley Hopkins, “The Wreck of the Deutschland”, in Robert Bridges, editor, Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins: Now First Published […], London: Humphrey Milford, published 1918, OCLC 5093462, part 2, stanza 19, page 17:

        [T]he inboard seas run swirling and hawling; / The rash smart sloggering brine / Blinds her; […]

派生語

• rashly
• rashness
• unrash

副詞

rash (comparative more rash, superlative most rash)

1. (archaic) Synonym of rashly (“in a rash manner; hastily または without due consideration”)
   • 1591, Ed[mund] Sp[enser], “Prosopopoia. Or Mother Hubberds Tale.”, in Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. […], London: […] VVilliam Ponsonbie, […], OCLC 15537294:

     Soft Gooddie Sheepe (then ſaid the Foxe) not ſoe: / Vnto the King ſo raſh ye may not goe, / He is vvith greater matter buſied, / Than a Lambe, or the Lambes ovvne mothers hed.

   • c. 1603–1604, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act III, scene iv], page 327, column 2:

     VVhy do you ſpeake ſo ſtartingly and raſh?

     The First Quarto (1622), page 57, uses the word rashly.

   • 1860, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], “To Garum Firs”, in The Mill on the Floss […], volume I, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, OCLC 80067893, book I (Boy かつ Girl), pages 178–179:

     But the right thing 'ud be for Tulliver to go and make it up with her himself, and say he was sorry for speaking so rash.

語源 2

A rash (sense 1) on the face of a child caused by measles.

Probably from Old French rasche, rache (“skin eruption, rash; (specifically) scabies, scurf”) (廃れた用法), from racher (“to scrape; to scratch”) (although this is only directly attested later than the noun), from Vulgar Latin *rāsicāre (“to scrape”), from Latin rāsus (“scraped, scratched; shaved”), the perfect passive participle of rādō (“to scrape, scratch; to shave; to rub, smooth; to brush along, graze”),^[4] ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, scratch; to gnaw”). Doublet of rase and raze.

名詞

rash (複数形 rashes)

1. (dermatology, medicine) An area of inflamed and irritated skin characterized by reddened spots that may be filled with fluid or pus; also, preceded by a descriptive word (rare or obsolete), an illness characterized by a type of rash.

   He came out in a rash because of an allergy.

   She applied rash cream on herself to reduce the irritation.

   A wet cloth should help with the rash on your arm.

2. (figuratively)
   1. An irregular distribution or sprinkling of objects resembling a rash (sense 1).
   2. An outbreak or surge in problems; a spate, string, or trend.

      Synonym: epidemic

      There has been a rash of vandalism lately.

      • 1854, Charles Dickens, “Lower and Lower”, in Hard Times. For These Times, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], OCLC 4389957, book the second (Reaping), page 252:

        Wet through and through: with her feet squelching and squashing in her shoes whenever she moved; with a rash of rain upon her classical visage; […]

      • 2019 April 25, Samanth Subramanian, “Hand dryers v paper towels: the surprisingly dirty fight for the right to dry your hands”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian‎^[1], London: Guardian News & Media, ISSN 0261-3077, OCLC 229952407, archived from the original on 31 January 2022:

        Science has tried and failed to come to a consensus about the hygienic superiority of one product over the other. Even so, the paper towel industry has funded or promoted a rash of studies claiming that hand dryers turn bathrooms into mosh pits of pathogens.

派生語

語源 3

Origin uncertain; the word is similar to other words from Germanic or Romance languages listed in the table below, but the connection between the English word and those words is unclear. One suggestion is that they ultimately derive from the town of Arras in France, known for its cloth and wool industries (whence arras (“tapestry, wall hanging”)); compare German Rasch (“lightly woven silk or (usually) worsted fabric”) (said to be from Middle High German arrasch (“arras”), and ultimately from the name of the town), and the obsolete names for the fabric, Catalan drap de arraz, drap d'Arraç, Italian paño de ras (字義どおりに “cloth of Arras”). The Oxford English Dictionary states that even if rash did not originally derive from Arras, the name of the town could have influenced the English word.^[5]

名詞

rash (uncountable)

1. (historical) Chiefly preceded by a descriptive word: a fabric with a smooth texture woven from silk, worsted, or a mixture of the two, intended as an inferior substitute for silk.

   cloth rash    silk rash

   • p. 1597, J[ohn] Donne, “[Satyres] Satyre IIII”, in Poems, […] with Elegies on the Authors Death, London: […] M[iles] F[lesher] for Iohn Marriot, […], published 1633, OCLC 1008264503, page 338:

     Sleeveleſſe his jerkin vvas, and it had beene / Velvet, but 'tvvas novv (ſo much ground vvas ſeene) / Become Tufftaffatie; and our children ſhall / See it plaine Raſhe avvhile, or nought at all.

語源 4

Imitative.^[6]

名詞

rash (複数形 rashes)

1. (obsolete) A soft crackling or rustling sound.
   • 1668 June 22 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), John Dryden, An Evening’s Love, or The Mock-Astrologer. […], In the Savoy [London]: […] T[homas] N[ewcomb] for Henry Herringman, […], published 1671, OCLC 228723624, Act I, scene i, page 3:

     Look on thoſe grave plodding fellovvs, […] I'll undertake three parts of four are going to their Courtezans. I tell thee, Jack, the vvhiſking of a Silk-Govvn, and the raſh of a Tabby-Pettycoat, are as comfortable ſounds to one of theſe rich Citizens, as the chink of their Pieces of Eight.

語源 5

From Late Middle English rashen, rassh (“to hasten, hurry, rush”) [and other forms],^[7] from 古期英語 ræscan (“to move rapidly; to flicker; to flash; to glitter; to quiver”);^[8] see further at etymology 1.

動詞

rash (三人称単数 現在形 rashes, 現在分詞 rashing, 過去形および過去分詞形 rashed) (chiefly Scotland, archaic or obsolete)

1. (transitive)
   1. To forcefully move or push (someone または something) in a certain direction.
      • c. 1603–1606, [William Shakespeare], […] His True Chronicle Historie of the Life and Death of King Lear and His Three Daughters. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Nathaniel Butter, […], published 1608, OCLC 54196469, [Act III, scene vii]:

        Reg[an]. VVherefore to Douer ſir? / Gloſt[er, i.e., Gloucester]. Becauſe I vvould not ſee thy cruell nayles / Pluck out his poore old eyes, nor thy fierce ſiſter / In his aurynted fleſh raſh boriſh phangs, […]

        The corresponding phrase in the First Folio (1623), page 300, is: “In his Annointed fleſh, ſticke boariſh phangs.”

   2. To break (something) forcefully; to smash.
   3. To emit or issue (something) hastily.
   4. (rare) Usually followed by up: to prepare (something) with haste; to cobble together, to improvise.
      • 1610 October​, John Foxe, “[Translation of a Letter of Huldricus Zuinglius, 1 September 1527 (Julian calendar)]”, in The Second Volume of the Ecclesiasticall Historie, Containing the Acts and Monuments of Martyrs, […], volume II, 6th edition, London: […] [Humphrey Lownes] for the Company of Stationers, OCLC 81611923, book VIII, page 987, column 1:

        Retur[n]e to the places of Peter, the one in his firſt epiſtle, the other in the latter: and ſo be you contented with this preſent anſvver raſhed up in haſte.

2. (intransitive)
   1. To move forcefully, hastily, or suddenly; to dash, to rush.
   2. Of rain: to fall heavily.
   3. Chiefly followed by against, at, or upon: to collide or hit.

語源 6

Probably an aphetic form of arace (“to tear up by the roots; to draw away”) (廃れた用法), from Middle English aracen (“to remove (something) by force, pluck or pull out, tear out; to grab; to lacerate; to flay or skin (an animal); to erase, obliterate”) [and other forms], from Old French aracer, arachier (“to pull off (by physical force)”) [and other forms] (whence Anglo-Norman racher, aracher (“to pluck out, pull out”); modern French arracher (“to pull up, tear out, uproot; to extract, take out (a tooth); to peel, pull off, rip off; to buy, snap up; to fight over; to tear (oneself) away from”)),^[9][10] a variant of esrachier (“to eradicate, get rid of”), from Latin exrādīcāre, ērādīcāre, the present active infinitive of ērādīcō (“to root out; to annihilate, extirpate”), from ē- (a variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away; out’)) + rādīx (“root of a plant”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).

動詞

rash (三人称単数 現在形 rashes, 現在分詞 rashing, 過去形および過去分詞形 rashed) (transitive, archaic or obsolete)

1. Chiefly followed by away, down, off, out, etc.: to pluck, pull, or rip (something) violently.
   • 1596, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Qveene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for VVilliam Ponsonby, OCLC 932900760, book V, canto III, stanza 8, page 214:

     There Marinell great deeds of armes did ſhevv; / And through the thickeſt like a Lyon flevv, / Raſhing off helmes, and ryuing plates a ſonder, / That euery one his daunger did eſchevv.

   • 1697, “The Ninth Book of the Æneis”, in Virgil; John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], OCLC 403869432, lines 1094–1095, page 496:

     His Creſt is raſh'd away; his ample Shield / Is falſify'd and round with Jav'lins fill'd.

語源 7

Probably a variant of race, raze (“to demolish; to destroy, obliterate; to scrape as if with a razor”), possibly modelled after rash (etymology 5 または etymology 6).^[11] Raze is derived from Middle English rasen, racen, rase (“to scrape; to shave; to erase; to pull; to strip off; to pluck or tear out; to root out (a tree, etc.); to pull away, snatch; to pull down; to knock down; to rend, tear apart; to pick clean, strip; to cleave, slice; to sever; to lacerate; to pierce; to carve, engrave; to dig; (比喩的に) to expunge, obliterate; to alter”) [and other forms],^[12] from Anglo-Norman raser, rasere, rasser, Middle French, Old French raser (“to shave; to touch lightly, graze; to level off (grain, etc.) in a measure; to demolish, tear down; to erase; to polish; to wear down”), from Vulgar Latin *raso (“to shave; to scrape; to scratch; to touch lightly, graze”), from Latin rāsus (“scraped; shaved”); see further at etymology 2.

動詞

rash (三人称単数 現在形 rashes, 現在分詞 rashing, 過去形および過去分詞形 rashed) (transitive, obsolete)

1. To hack, slash, or slice (something).
   • 1596, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Qveene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for VVilliam Ponsonby, OCLC 932900760, book IV, canto II, stanza 17, page 26:

     And dravving both their ſvvords vvith rage extreme, / Like tvvo mad maſtiffes each on other flevv, / And ſhields did ſhare, & mailes did raſh, and helmes did hevv.

   • 1599 (first performance; published 1600)​, Benjamin Jonson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Euery Man out of His Humour. A Comicall Satyre. […]”, in The Workes of Ben Jonson (First Folio), London: […] Will[iam] Stansby, published 1616, OCLC 960101342, Act IIII, scene vi, page 148:

     [N]ovv he, comes violently on, and vvithall aduancing his rapier to ſtrike, […] Sir, I miſt my purpoſe in his arme, raſht his doublet ſleeue, ran him cloſe by the left cheek, and through his haire.

2. (rare) Chiefly followed by out: to scrape or scratch (something); to obliterate.

参照