英和和英

固有名詞

Xian

1. (sometimes proscribed) Alternative spelling of Xi'an.
   • 1986 June 16, “CHINESE TOMB FOUND TO BE VICTIM OF GRAVE ROBBERS”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 24 May 2015, B, page 10‎:

     "Archeologists drew almost a complete blank in their search of the inner tomb," the official New China News Agency said Saturday in a report of excavations at the tomb site, thought to be between 2,200 and 2,800 years old. The site is in Fengxiang County of Shaanxi Province, about 90 miles west of the ancient Yellow River capital of Xian.

   • 1990, Ronald Reagan, An American Life‎, Pocket Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 371:

     Next came several more days of sightseeing that included a few opportunities to observe the changes going on in China, as well as a fascinating look into its past. We flew to Xian, the ancient capital of China, then drove almost ninety minutes to the tomb of China's first emperor and the site where archaeologists had unearthed hundreds of life-size terra-cotta figures of soldiers standing in ranks, complete with horses and chariots, to guard the tomb. "They know there are more than 7,000 [terra-cotta soldiers] that haven't been uncovered yet," I wrote that evening in my diary: "It is an unforgettable experience. This—plus the drive past villages surrounded by endless wheat fields dotted here and there with burial mounds and relics of China's ancient past—made for a day we'll long remember."

   • 2000 December 6, Mark Landler, “Could Terra-Cotta Warriors Be a Trojan Horse?”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 19 March 2023, World, page 2‎:

     A fervent believer in an afterlife, Qin Shihuang ordered his tomb to be guarded by 8,000 terra-cotta statues. This grandiose resting place was accidentally disinterred in 1976 by farmers digging a well in the ancient capital, Xian, during a drought.
     Dr. Huang broached the idea of a terra-cotta exhibit on a trip to Shanxi Province, where Xian is located, three years ago.

   • 2003 April 13, New York Board of Regents, quotee, “Pop Quiz; Third Rock From the Sun”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 14 April 2009, EDUCATION‎:

     3. One reason for the growth and success of ninth-century cities like Baghdad, Constantinople and Ch'ang-an (Xian) was that they . . .
     a. were part of the Roman Empire
     b. tolerated religious diversity
     c. traded only with people from their immediate region
     d. were located on major trade routes

   • 2010, John James Kennedy, “Rural China: Reform and Resistance”, in William A. Joseph, editor, Politics in China: An Introduction‎, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 227:

     According to the 2000 Census for Shaanxi province, Hu county near the provincial capital of Xian municipality has over 250,000 residents, while the geographically larger, but more remote Ganquan county has only 30,000.

   • 2014, Lu Hsiu-lien, Ashley Esarey, My Fight for a New Taiwan‎, University of Washington Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 266:

     Lien Chan had a PhD from the University of Chicago and was the heir to a vast family fortune. Born in Xian, China, in the 1940s, he never developed a feel for Taiwan’s common people.

   • 2018 February 23, Lucas Peterson, “Xian Offers Terracotta Warriors, Stunning Food and Plenty of Bargains”, in New York Times‎, archived from the original on 23 February 2018:

     But Xian, the north-central Chinese city whose name means “western peace,” is much more than its collection of warriors. It’s one of the oldest cities in China: It has seen the likes of Marco Polo during his Silk Road journey, and been home to Buddhist sutras brought from India by Xuanzang, a monk whose journey inspired one of the greatest works of Chinese literature, “Journey to the West.” Xian was also one of the first Chinese cities introduced to Islam, and its Muslim Quarter, located in the city center, is now one of the city’s most thriving tourist areas.

   • 2018 August 18, Windy Li, “Heartaches, headaches and hukou: how China’s bureaucracy tangled people in red tape”, in South China Morning Post‎, archived from the original on 18 August 2018, People & Culture‎:

     A man living in a newly constructed building in Xian, the capital of Shaanxi province, was unable to obtain a birth registration form for his pregnant wife because no district was officially assigned to the building.

   • 2022 January 5, Didi Tang, “Chinese swap possessions for food in lockdown city”, in The Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 05 January 2022, Coronavirus‎:

     “I traded half a bottle of chilli pepper for six packs of instant noodles, one courgette and two carrots,” one Xian resident wrote on Weibo, the social media platform. Xian has become the largest Chinese city to be hit with draconian restrictions since the pandemic first broke out in Wuhan and prompted Beijing to seal off that city for 76 days in early 2020.
     Authorities locked down Xian on December 22 and ordered its residents to stay home after a cluster of coronavirus cases. Two hundred and fifty-five case were thought to have been recorded — tiny in comparison to outbreaks overseas. Across China today, there were 91 cases identified, including a further 35 in Xian.

   • 2022 March 21, “Chinese Boeing jet crashes in mountains with 132 on board, no sign of survivors”, in Reuters‎, archived from the original on 21 March 2022:

     In 1994 a China Northwest Airlines Tupolev Tu-154 flying from Xian to Guangzhou crashed, killing all 160 on board in China's worst-ever air disaster, according to Aviation Safety Network.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Xian.

使用する際の注意点

Xian can be considered a misspelling of Xi'an. In theory, a syllable-dividing mark (隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào)) should be added before a non-initial syllable beginning with a, o, or e. Hence, Xian could only ever refer to a word made up of the single syllable xian (cf. xian) since a word made up of xi and an would be spelled as Xi'an (cf. Xi'an). In practice, syllable-dividing marks are often added or omitted at will.

参照

Further reading

• “Xian, pn.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “Xian”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• “Xian”, in TheFreeDictionary.com, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.: Farlex, Inc., 2003–2026

語源 2

Borrowed from Chinese 咸 (Xián).

発音

• IPA: /ʃiæn/, /ʃiɛn/, enPR: shyěn

固有名詞

Xian (plural Xians)

1. A surname from Chinese.

統計情報

• According to the 2010 United States Census, Xian is the 38050 most common surname in the United States, belonging to 583 individuals. Xian is most common among Asian/Pacific Islander (97.6%) individuals.

Further reading

• Hanks, Patrick, editor (2003), “Xian”, in Dictionary of American Family Names, volume 3, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN.

語源 3

From X as a stand-in for Ancient Greek Χ (Kh) as an initial representing Χριστος (Khristos, “Christ, the Anointed One”), q.v. In present use, a modern coinage after the model of Xmas.

別の表記

• xian, Xtian

発音

• like Christian
• Homophone: Christian

名詞

Xian (plural Xians)

1. (sometimes derogatory or offensive) Abbreviation of Christian.

形容詞

Xian (not comparable)

1. (sometimes derogatory or offensive) Abbreviation of Christian.

使用する際の注意点

• Although there is nothing offensive in the derivation of the term itself, its informal nature and use among skeptics and atheists sometimes makes the form seem dismissive or offensive to Christians.

関連する語

参照

• What does 'xian' mean?

アナグラム

• Axin, Naxi, axin\

別の表記

• Xian (sometimes proscribed)
• Sian, Sianfu, Hsian, Hsi-an, Hsi-an-fu, Singan, Si-ngan, Si-ngan-fou (obsolete)

語源

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 西安 (Xī'ān), usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall. An apostrophe is usually required in pinyin to mark any non-initial syllable beginning with a, o, or e in a multi-syllable word. (See 隔音符號 / 隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào) for more.) In this case, the apostrophe happens to distinguish the two separate syllables of xī and ān from the monosyllabic words xiān, xián, xiǎn, and xiàn.

発音

• IPA: /ˈʃiˈæn/, /ˈʃiːˈɑːn/, enPR: sēʹǎnʹ, shēʹänʹ
• 韻: -æn
• 韻: -ɑːn
• ハイフネーション: Xi‧an

固有名詞

Xi'an

1. The provincial capital of Shaanxi, China; a subprovincial city in central China famed as the former capital of numerous Chinese dynasties, also known as Chang'an among other historical names.
   • 1984 January, Nina Hyde, “The Queen of Textiles”, in National Geographic‎, volume 165, number 1, page 30:

     THE SILK ROAD was actually a perilous network of routes. It was hazardous to monks and pilgrims carrying Buddhist teachings between India and China and even more hazardous to traders, who intended to exchange gold, wool, horses, jade, and glass for silk. The road started in what is now Xi'an, in Shaanxi Province, traversed a barren crust of earth through treacherous mountains and desert across Central Asia to Antioch and Tyre; the last lap, to Europe and Egypt, was by water to other Mediterranean ports.

   • 2005, Bill Clinton, My Life‎, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 434:

     We began the trip at the ancient capital of Xi'an, where the Chinese put on an elaborate and beautiful welcoming ceremony. The next day we had the opportunity to walk among the rows of the famous terra-cotta warriors, and to have a roundtable discussion with Chinese citizens in the small village of Xiahe.

   • 2010, Walter Mondale, David Hage, The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics‎, Scribner, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 220:

     Then on Wednesday, after our formal talks concluded, Joan, Eleanor, and I traveled to the ancient city of Xi'an, home of the extraordinary exhibit of terra-cotta soldiers.

   • 2016 October 28, Edward Wong, Vanessa Piao, “When China Wants Better Air Readings, Cotton Does the Trick”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 30 October 2016, Asia Pacific‎:

     The scheme was simple: Stuff cotton into air-monitoring equipment so that the air being read would be filtered and seem cleaner.
     The people doing this to produce better — but false — air-quality readings in Xi’an, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, got away with it for months, until inspectors noticed irregularities in the data.

   • 2023 March 31, Didi Tang, “Terracotta Army’s broken arms may solve mystery of its creation”, in The Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 31 March 2023‎:

     Quite how the other 7,999 or so warriors — each about 6ft tall and weighing just over 28 stone — were made more than 2,000 years ago, however, has long been a subject of debate, with experts questioning how the intricately carved figures could have been produced on site in Xi’an, northwestern China.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Xi'an.
2. A district of Liaoyuan, Jilin, China.
   • 2009 October 10, “Human Rights”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2009‎, Congressional-Executive Commission on China, page 126:

     In February 2009, the Xi’an District People’s Court in Liaoyuan city, Jilin province, reported that when preparing for a trial involving Falun Gong and other “cult organizations,” the court must first “petition” the municipal 6-10 Office, and only after receiving an affirmative response is the court then permitted to hear the case.

   • 2012, Qing Chang, Xue Li, “Land Destruction Extent Assessment Based on RS and GIS in Liaoyuan Mining Area, China”, in 2012 2nd International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering‎, Nanjing, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 03 July 2024, pages 1–4‎:

     In 2008, Liaoyuan became one of twelve important cities for the economic […] study, the Xi’an district was chosen as the study area considering the distribution characteristics in Liaoyuan.

   • 2021 February [2020], Ming Zhang, Colin G. Farquharson, Changsheng Liu, “Improved controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric method apparent resistivity pseudo-sections based on the frequency and frequency–spatial gradients of electromagnetic fields”, in Geophysical Prospecting‎, volume 69, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 30 June 2024, pages 486, 489:

     In order to further assess the performance and demonstrate the effectiveness of the improved controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) apparent resistivity pseudo-sections method based on the gradients of frequency-domain controlled-source electromagnetic fields in a practical survey, we present a real data example from the coal mining area of Xi’an District, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, China. Liaoyuan City is located in the south of Jilin Province (Fig. 11a), and the survey area is located immediately to the northwest of Liaoyuan City. […]
     Furthermore, the practicability of the proposed imaging method for real-life situations was assessed by its application to field data acquired in the coal mining area of Xi’an District, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, China.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Xi'an.

同意語

• Feng, Fengjing, Hao, Haojing, Fenghao, Zongzhou, Daxing, Chang'an, Fengyuan, Anxi, Jingzhao, Xijing (historical)

参照

Further reading

• Saul B. Cohen, editor (1998), “Xi'an”, in The Columbia Gazetteer of the World‎, volume 3, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 3501, column 1
• “Xi'an”, in Collins English Dictionary.
• “Xi'an, Xian, Hsian, Hsi-an, Sian, Singan”, in Google Books Ngram Viewer.
• “Xi’an”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
• “Xi'an”, in TheFreeDictionary.com, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.: Farlex, Inc., 2003–2026

アナグラム

• Axin, Naxi, axin