英和和英

動詞

communalize (third-person singular simple present communalizes, present participle communalizing, simple past and past participle communalized)

1. (transitive) To take property into communal ownership.
   • 2003, David Levinson, Karen Christensen, Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World, page 879:

     For example, in Plato's Republic, marriage was forbidden, wives were "communalized," and children were separated from their parents and considered orphans of the state.

   • 2016, Kazuki Hamada, Shufuku Hiraoka, Management Of Innovation Strategy In Japanese Companies:

     In contrast, Fujimoto (2001b) indicated that communalizing parts designs between models and generations might not necessarily reduce development labor hours.

   • 2016, Sandagsuren Undargaa, Pastoralism and Common Pool Resources:

     First, negdels excluded those who communalized their private livestock and then left the negdel (Nixson and Walters, 2006).

   • 2021, Anne Power, Property Before People:

     In fact on two estates, the council had communalized front gardens, turning them into open-plan grass verges because private gardens were so neglected.

2. (transitive) To transfer responsibility and power to the community level.
   • 1979, John Friedmann, Clyde Weaver, Territory and Function: The Evolution of Regional Planning, page 195:

     Communalizing this wealth means that the power to determine the ultimate uses and disposition of land and water rests with the appropriate territorial community.

   • 1997, Achin Vanaik, The Furies of Indian Communalism, page 229:

     In the mid-eighties, the Hindu Right began to communalize the issue of Muslim Personal Law and UCC in order to push its case against state 'minorityism' or 'favouring of religious minorities'.

   • 2004, Lynn Welchman, Women's Rights and Islamic Family Law: Perspectives on Reform, page 257:

     Israel, India and Nigeria represent examples of countries where personal status laws are communalized.

   • 2007, Deirdre Maria Beneken genaamd Kolmer, Family care and care responsibility, page 48:

     Can we transcend these common political views and find criteria for a proper way to communalize health care?

3. (transitive) To treat as happening to or belonging to one's own group; to make (something) the subject of empathic understanding.
   • 1986, Steven W. Laycock, James G. Hart, Essays in Phenomenological Theology: 1866-1997, page 177:

     In general the world exists not only for isolated men but for the community of men; and this is due to the fact that even what is straightforwardly perceptual is communalized.

   • 2009, J.G. Hart, Who One Is: Book 1: Meontology of the "I":

     In this case the theme becomes: In what way I, in spite of my uniqueness and ownness, am always already “othered” and communalized, i.e., immersed in the lives of Others and incorporating the Others in mine.

   • 2011, Naval War College Review - Volume 64, Issues 1-4, page 17:

     Understand how to "communalize" grief so units can get through difficult times together.

   • 2013, Tanweer Fazal, Minority Nationalisms in South Asia, page 128:

     As a result of this attempt by the Pakistan authorities to communalize this crisis, the percentage of Hindu refugees fleeing into India increase manifold in relation to Muslim refugees.

   • 2022, Thomas Jamieson, Douglas A Van Belle, That Could Be Us, page 60:

     The Dominion and the Dominion Post communalized the earthquakes in Japan, Chile, and Turkey.

4. (transitive) To develop into a set of community conventions.
   • 1994, International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics - Volumes 23-24, page 35:

     The speech of insiders is hardly individualized; they are accustomed to communalized speech patterns.

   • 2021, Nik Rushdi Hassan, Leslie P. Willcocks, Advancing Information Systems Theories: Rationale and Processes, page 420:

     Some communal factors, such as norms for naming and revising products and documents, a company-wide documentation archive, the Ericsson project management model, and more had been communalized into stable, communal factors over many years.

派生語

参考

• nationalize
• privatize