英和和英

語源

From 中期英語 abstraccyone; either from Middle French abstraction or from Medieval Latin abstrāctiō (“separation”), from Latin abstrahō (“draw away”). Equivalent to abstract +‎ -ion.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /əbˈstɹæk.ʃn̩/
• (米国発音) IPA: /æbˈstɹæk.ʃn̩/, /əbˈstɹæk.ʃn̩/

名詞

abstraction (countable and uncountable, plural abstractions)

1. The act of abstracting, separating, withdrawing, or taking away; withdrawal; the state of being taken away. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]

   Coordinate term: extraction

   • 1848, J. S. Mill, Principles of Political Economy with some of their Applications to Social Philosophy:

     The cancelling of the debt would be no destruction of wealth, but a transfer of it: a wrongful abstraction of wealth from certain members of the community, for the profit of the government, or of the tax-payers.

   1. (euphemistic) The taking surreptitiously for one's own use part of the property of another; purloining. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]
   2. (engineering) Removal of water from a river, lake, or aquifer.
2. A separation from worldly objects; a recluse life; the withdrawal from one's senses. [First attested around 1350 to 1470.]

   a hermit’s abstraction

3. The act of focusing on one characteristic of an object rather than the object as a whole group of characteristics; the act of separating said qualities from the object or ideas. [First attested in the late 16 century.]

   Holonym: induction

   • c. 1837, W. Hamilton, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic, published 1860, Lecture XXXV, page 474:

     Abstraction is no positive act: it is simply the negative of attention.

   Abstraction is necessary for the classification of things into genera and species.

4. Any characteristic of an individual object when that characteristic has been separated from the object and is contemplated alone as a quality having independent existence.
5. A member of an idealized subgroup when contemplated according to the abstracted quality which defines the subgroup.
6. The act of comparing commonality between distinct objects and organizing using those similarities; the act of generalizing characteristics; the product of said generalization. [First attested in the late 16 century.]
7. An idea or notion of an abstract or theoretical nature. [First attested in the late 16 century.]

   to fight for mere abstractions

8. Absence or absorption of mind; inattention to present objects; preoccupation. [First attested in the late 18 century.]
   • 1832, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Heath's Book of Beauty, 1833, The Talisman, page 55:

     "One penny, sir!" He was roused at once from his abstraction; for it was a question to himself whether he had even that in his pocket. Sixpence was, however, discovered; he paid the toll, and passed on.

9. (art) An abstract creation, or piece of art; qualities of artwork that are free from representational aspects. [First attested in the early 20 century.]
10. (chemistry) A separation of volatile parts by the act of distillation.
11. An idea of an idealistic, unrealistic or visionary nature.
12. The result of mentally abstracting an idea; the product of any mental process involving a synthesis of: separation, despecification, generalization, and ideation in any of a number of combinations.
13. (geology) The merging of two river valleys by the larger of the two deepening and widening so much so, as to assimilate the smaller.
14. (computing) Hiding implementation details from the interface of a component, to decrease complexity through interdependency and improve modularity; a construct that serves as such.

    Files are an abstraction provided by the file system for storing data, so that applications do not have to care how that data is stored.

同意語

• (the act of generalization): universalization; see also Thesaurus:generalization

反意語

• (antonym(s) of “the act of generalization”): specialization; see also Thesaurus:specialization
• (antonym(s) of “mentally abstracting”): concretization

派生語

関連する語

• abstract

参照

Further reading

• “abstraction”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “abstraction”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
• “abstraction”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• Glossary of Water Terms, American Academy of Arts and Sciences.