一般的には、資源・食料を輸入している国・地域では、交易条件（輸入じめNIEs、中国など輸入原材料を製品・中間財に加工して輸出する加工貿易型の産業構造が主流の国・地域では交易利得が縮小ないしは交易損失が拡大する一方、湾岸諸国（GCC）や資源・食料輸出国が多く含まれるその他諸国では、交易利得が拡大している（第1-1-50図）。例文帳に追加

Generally, in countries importing natural resources and food, when the terms of trade (ratio betweenimport and export prices) deteriorate, it results in reduced trading gains or trading losses, that is, lossof income60.Looking at the next phase of resources and food price increases, we see that conditions in terms oftrading gain/loss vary according to the country and region. Most of the processing trade industrialstructures, where raw materials are imported and processed and semiprocessed products are exported,are located in countries and regions such as Japan, newly industrialized countries (NIEs), and China. These countries and regions are experiencing reduced trading gains or increased trading losses, whileother countries, including those in the Gulf (GCC) and many resources and food exporting countries,are experiencing expanded trading gains (see Figure 1-1-50). - 経済産業省

なお、名目GNP（68SNAベース）は名目GNI（93SNAベース）と同一となるが、実質化にあたり、従来の実質GNPには輸出入の実質的な数量差による純輸出は含まれるものの、輸出入価格（デフレーター）の差によって生じる所得の実質額（＝交易利得）はカウントされていなかったため、93SNAでは、所得を実質化する際に、「交易利得」を加えることで新たな調整を行い、国民が受取った実質的な所得をより的確に表すこととなった。例文帳に追加

While nominal GNP based on the 68SNA was identical to nominal GNI based on the 93SNA, the 93SNA made an adjustment for computing real GNI. Real GNP based on the 68SNA had covered net exports as a real export-import gap while failing to include real income (trading gains) emerging from an export-import price gap. In order to indicate real national income more precisely through the adjustment, the 93SNA adds trading gains when computing real GNI. - 経済産業省

近年、資源価格高騰等を背景とした交易条件1の悪化による所得流出（交易損失）が、海外からの所得（所得収支黒字）を上回る規模に達し（第2-2-8図、第2-2-9図）、後に見るように我が国の企業及び家計に多大な影響を与えている中では、2006年白書で注目した名目GNIを発展させ、交易利得・損失2を加算するなどして実質化した「実質GNI」を採用するのが妥当と考えられる。例文帳に追加

Recently, with resource prices soaring, the terms of trade1 have been worsening; this has caused the outflow of income (trading loss) to surpass the income from overseas (income balance surplus) (see Figures 2-2-8and 2-2-9). Subsequently, the nation's companies and households have been hard hit; this will be discussed later in detail. Under these circumstances, it is considered reasonable to use real GNI, which is more appropriate than nominal GNI (used in the 2006 white paper), because real GNI also includes trade gains and losses2. - 経済産業省

例文

グローバル化が進む中で、実質GNIを成長させるとともにその成長の果実を幅広い経済主体に分配し、豊かな国民経済を構築していくためには、①積極的な貿易投資による外需の獲得（輸出拡大による「実質GDP」の拡大、対外投資の積極化による「海外からの所得」の拡大）、②交易条件の改善（交易利得・損失の改善）、③海外から獲得した富の国内への円滑な還流（内需の創出）等の対応が必要となる。例文帳に追加

In order to achieve real GNI growth in the midst of globalization, while at the same time spreading the fruits of such growth broadly throughout the economy and building an affluent national economy, it will be necessary 1) to acquire external demand through aggressive trade investment (expand real GDP through growth in exports, expand income earnings overseas through greater overseas investment), 2) improve terms of trade (improved trading gains/losses) and 3) achieve a smooth repatriation of wealth acquired overseas into Japan (generation of domestic demand). - 経済産業省