gram marとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From 中期英語 gramere, from Old French gramaire (“classical learning”), from unattested Vulgar Latin *grammāria, an alteration of Latin grammatica, from Ancient Greek γραμματική (grammatikḗ, “skilled in writing”), from γράμμα (grámma, “line of writing”), from γράφω (gráphō, “write”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to carve, scratch”). Displaced native 古期英語 stæfcræft; a doublet of glamour, glamoury, gramarye, and grimoire. Piecewise doublet of grammatic.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation, General Australian) IPA: /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/
• (General American, Canada) enPR: grăm'ər, IPA: /ˈɡɹæm.ɚ/, [ˈɡɹɛəm.ɚ]
  • (Canada) IPA: [ˈɡɹæːm.ɚ], [ˈɡɹam.ɚ]
• 韻: -æmə(ɹ)
• ハイフネーション: gram‧mar

名詞

grammar (countable and uncountable, plural grammars)

1. (countable and uncountable, linguistics) A system of rules and principles for the structure of a language, or of languages in general.
   1. (uncountable, linguistics) The study of such a system.
2. (uncountable) Actual or presumed prescriptive notions about the correct use of a language.
3. (countable) A book describing the grammar (noun sense 1 or noun sense 2) of a language.
4. (Can we verify this sense?) (countable, computing theory) A formal system specifying the syntax of a language.
   • 2006, Patrick Blackburn · Johan Bos · Kristina Striegnitz, Learn Prolog Now!, §8.2

     Because real lexicons are big and complex, from a software engineering perspective it is best to write simple grammars that have a simple, well-defined way, of pulling out the information they need from vast lexicons. That is, grammars should be thought of as separate entities which can access the information contained in lexicons. We can then use specialised mechanisms for efficiently storing the lexicon and retrieving data from it.

5. (countable, computing theory) A formal system defining a formal language.
6. (countable, figurative) The basic rules or principles of a field of knowledge or a particular skill.
   • 2011, Javier Solana; Daniel Innerarity, Project Syndicate, The New Grammar of Power‎:

     We must learn a new grammar of power in a world that is made up more of the common good – or the common bad – than of self-interest or national interest.

7. (countable, British, archaic) A book describing these rules or principles; a textbook.

   a grammar of geography

   • 1926, G[ilbert] K[eith] Chesterton, “VI: A Summary”, in The Outline of Sanity, London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., →OCLC:

     To turn this sort of mixture of a gossip and a gospel into anything like a grammar of Distributism has been quite impossible.

8. (countable and uncountable, chiefly British, informal) Ellipsis of grammar school.
   • 1932, Grace Livingston Hill, chapter 6, in The Patch of Blue, Toronto, Ont.: The Copp Clark Company, Limited, published in the 20th century, →OCLC, page 128:

     He’s the old man’s only son. Some baby! Yep, right behind ya. Nope, he donno me. I was in Grammar when he was in High.

   • 2012 January 11, Graeme Paton, “A green light for more grammars?”, in The Daily Telegraph:
9. (countable, cellular automata) A set of component patterns, along with the rules for connecting them, which can be combined to form more complex patterns such as large still lifes, oscillators, and spaceships.
   • 1991 April 4, Bill Gosper, “LIFELINE:in search of the newsletter”, in comp.theory.cell-automata‎ (Usenet):

     Hickerson has a computer program which found a spaceship with speed c/3. In fact a whole grammar of them.

   • 1992 August 27, David Bell, “Spaceships in Conway's Life (Part 2a)”, in comp.theory.cell-automata‎ (Usenet):

     Within a few hours of finding the first period 2 ship, Dean had discovered a grammar for constructing an infinite number of different short, wide, period 2 spaceships. A grammar is an "alphabet" of "components", along with rules for the possible sequences of connections between components. Components are simply the identifiable pieces of a ship which reappear over and over in different ships in different combinations.

   • 1994 January 21, Harold McIntosh, “de Bruijn diagrams”, in comp.theory.cell-automata‎ (Usenet):

     Dean's discovery included a much more plentiful family than just the light, medium, and heavy weight spaceships that have been known since the beginning, which he was able to organize into a series of tiles and a grammar for them.

使用する際の注意点

Colloquially, grammar (noun sense 1) is often used to refer specifically to the internal structure of words (morphology) and the structure of phrases and sentences (syntax) of a language (which are subsumed in linguistics under the label morphosyntax), without reference to other aspects of grammar, such as the sounds of the language.

同意語

• (study & field of study in medieval Latin contexts): glomery

下位語

• context-sensitive grammar
• finite-state grammar
• Turing-complete grammar
• normative grammar

派生語

関連する語

• glamour
• gramarye

動詞

grammar (third-person singular simple present grammars, present participle grammaring, simple past and past participle grammared)

1. (obsolete, intransitive) To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use grammar.
   • c. 1619–1623, John Ford, “The Lawes of Candy”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1647, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

     She is in her Moods, and her Tenses: / I'll Grammar with you, / And make a trial how I can decline you

参考

• grammar on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Appendix:Glossary of grammar
• Category:Grammar

Further reading

• grammar at The Septic's Companion: A British Slang Dictionary