英和和英

副詞

cheek by jowl

1. In very close physical proximity, crowded together.
   • 2008, Kitty Crockett Robertson, Measuring Time - By an Hourglass, page 140:

     We shared the long hours, the often rough seas, the successes and the disappointments in a close companionship with the captains and crews of the Italian boats and also with the little clique of fishermen whose small draggers were moored cheek by jowl with us in Annisquam Harbor.

   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 17, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], OCLC 946730821:

     Wee see Merchants, countrey-Justices, and Artificers to march cheeke by joll with our Nobilitie, in valour, and militarie discipline.

   • 2012, Helen Pidd, The Guardian, 8 April:

     he had made his peace with the idea of spending half-term cheek-by-jowl on a cruise ship with the world's biggest Titanic enthusiasts.

2. (by extension) In very close or intimate association.
   • 1929, Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own:

     By so doing you will certainly profit the art of fiction. For books have a way of influencing each other. Fiction will be much the better for standing cheek by jowl with poetry and philosophy.

   • 2009, John Fabian Witt, Patriots and Cosmopolitans: Hidden Histories of American Law:

     Exit and voice, social theorist Albert O. Hirschman's famous dichotomous strategies, collided in the South Carolina countryside, where renewed commitment to the nation existed cheek by jowl with exit from it.

形容詞

cheek by jowl (comparative more cheek by jowl, superlative most cheek by jowl)

1. Tightly packed.
   • 2010, Manorama Mathai, Love and Dr. Aiyar, page 121:

     Books on etymology lay among Tamil poetry and volumes on religion were cheek by jowl with science fiction.

   • 2012, Roger Lovegrove, Islands Beyond the Horizon, page 62:

     The universal bohios (palm-leaved, thatched huts) are cheek by jowl with each other, right to the water's edge where they are often linked to each other by narrow planks across inlets and creeks.

   • 2014, J.B. Bullen, Writing and Victorianism, page 54:

     For the magazine format, bringing together as it does a range of authors, topics and kinds of article into a single but serialized text, offers to twentieth-century readers a cheek by jowl structure which alerts us to the nuances of difference — categories of gender, genre, class, ideology, discourse — which allegedly more seamless texts are claimed to repress.

   • 2014, Marlo Thomas, It Ain't Over . . . Till It's Over, page 306:

     It was sprinkled with houses, some dilapidated, some newer, some cheek by jowl, others sitting on wide parcels of land.

使用する際の注意点

• The similar expression cheek to cheek implies a cozy, romantic situation, while cheek by jowl implies rather the opposite, being cramped or crowded.
• cheek by jowl is 主に英国用法, while cheek to jowl is chiefly American usage.
• The adverb is usually written in the unhyphenated version, while the adjective is usually hyphenated.

副詞

cheek-by-jowl (comparative more cheek-by-jowl, superlative most cheek-by-jowl)

1. Alternative form of cheek by jowl
   • 1995, Brian M. Fagan, Snapshots of the Past, page 64:

     El-Amarna's crowded houses were separated not by wide streets, but by narrow, winding alleyways through piles of domestic garbage, in urban communities where everyone lived cheek-by-jowl.

   • 1998, Henry Moore, David Mitchinson, Celebrating Moore, page 161:

     Allusions to primitive art, whether directly drawn from reference works or freely improvised in the artist's own dainty scenarios) nestle cheek-by-jowl with automatic doodles which in turn lead into approximations of highly abstract compositions.

   • 2004, Howard Schwartz, Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism, page xxxv:

     Obscure manuscripts and well-known texts reside cheek-by-jowl; so too, polished literary works and oral narratives.

   • 2012, Darrell Schweitzer, Discovering H.P. Lovecraft, page 9:

     In "The Dunwich Horror" the other-dimensional creatures are thwarted by the proper incantations, while witchcraft and the new Einsteinian universe appear cheek-by-jowl in "Dreams in the Witch House."

   • 2022 November 2, Nick Brodrick, “Network News: 'Scotsman' the star attraction for KX's 170th birthday”, in RAIL, number 969, page 20, photo caption:

     LNER express trains old and new stand cheek-by-jowl at King's Cross during the evening rush hour on October 14.