英和和英

発音

• (without æ-raising) IPA: /ˈstænd/, [ˈstænd]
• (æ-raising)
  • (米国発音, Canada) IPA: /ˈsteə̯nd/, [ˈsteə̯nd], /ˈstɛə̯nd/, [ˈstɛə̯nd]
  • (General Australian) IPA: /ˈstɛːnd/, [ˈstɛːnd]
• 韻: -ænd
• ハイフネーション: stand

語源 1

From 中期英語 stonden, standen (verb) and stand, stond (noun, from the verb), from 古期英語 standan (“to stand, occupy a place”), from Proto-West Germanic *standan, from Proto-Germanic *standaną (“to stand”), from Pre-Germanic *sth₂-n-t-´, an innovative extended n-infixed form of Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.

動詞

stand (third-person singular simple present stands, present participle standing, simple past stood, past participle stood or (obsolete) standen or (nonstandard) stand)

1. To position or be positioned physically:
   1. (intransitive, copulative) To support oneself on the feet in an erect position.

      Here I stand, wondering what to do next.

      I can't reach the celing. Get me a chair to stand on.

      • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

        Then came a maid with hand-bag and shawls, and after her a tall young lady. She stood for a moment holding her skirt above the grimy steps, […], and the light of the reflector fell full upon her.

      • 1961 February, R. K. Evans, “The role of research on British Railways”, in Trains Illustrated, page 93:

        At one time a "standard test" for carriage riding was to stand a pencil on end on the compartment floor, or to measure how long it was possible to stand on one leg without touching the corridor walls; […]

      • 2019 February 19, Doug Criss, “Here’s why students don’t have to recite the Pledge of Allegiance”, in CNN‎, archived from the original on 14 July 2020:

        It’s recited in schools across the US every day by students standing stiffly with their hands over their hearts. […] The pledge made headlines this week after a sixth-grade student in Florida told a substitute teacher he would not stand for the pledge because he believed the American flag symbolized discrimination against blacks.

   2. (intransitive) To rise to one’s feet; to stand up.

      Stand up, walk to the refrigerator, and get your own snack.

   3. (intransitive, copulative) To remain motionless.

      Do not leave your car standing in the road.

      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 2:9:

        The star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was.

      • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

        The slightest effort made the patient cough. He would stand leaning on a stick and holding a hand to his side, and when the paroxysm had passed it left him shaking.

      • 1914 November, Louis Joseph Vance, “An Outsider […]”, in Munsey’s Magazine, volume LIII, number II, New York, N.Y.: The Frank A[ndrew] Munsey Company, […], published 1915, →OCLC, chapter III (Accessory After the Fact), page 382, column 1:

        Turning back, then, toward the basement staircase, she began to grope her way through blinding darkness, but had taken only a few uncertain steps when, of a sudden, she stopped short and for a little stood like a stricken thing, quite motionless save that she quaked to her very marrow in the grasp of a great and enervating fear.

   4. (intransitive) To be placed in an upright or vertical orientation.
      • 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

        They burned the old gun that used to stand in the dark corner up in the garret, close to the stuffed fox that always grinned so fiercely. Perhaps the reason why he seemed in such a ghastly rage was that he did not come by his death fairly. Otherwise his pelt would not have been so perfect.

      • 1943 November – 1944 February (date written; published 1945 August 17), George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], Animal Farm […], London: Secker & Warburg, published May 1962, →OCLC:

        He seized the gun which always stood in a corner of his bedroom […]

   5. (transitive) To place in an upright or standing position.

      He stood the broom in a corner and took a break.

      • 1961 February, R. K. Evans, “The role of research on British Railways”, in Trains Illustrated, page 93:

        At one time a "standard test" for carriage riding was to stand a pencil on end on the compartment floor, or to measure how long it was possible to stand on one leg without touching the corridor walls; [...].

   6. (intransitive) To occupy or hold a place; to be set, placed, fixed, located, or situated.

      Paris stands on the Seine.

      • 1774, Edward Long, The History of Jamaica. Or, General Survey of the Antient and Modern State of that Island, volume 2, book 2, chapter 7, 6:

        The chapel ſtands on the South ſide of the ſquare, near the governor’s houſe.

      • 2017 October 2, "Las Vegas shooting: At least 58 dead at Mandalay Bay Hotel", in bbc.com, BBC:

        Las Vegas police say the number of people injured now stands at 515.

   7. (intransitive) To measure when erect on the feet.
      • 1855, Alfred Tennyson, “Maud”, in Maud, and Other Poems, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, part XIII, stanza 1, page 44:

        His face, as I grant, in spite of spite / Has a broad-blown comeliness, red and white, / And six feet two, as I think, he stands; […]

      • 1927, Ernest Bramah, Max Carrados Mysteries:

        She must stand five feet five—possibly six. At that, with the tread she has, she will take a 4½ to 5.

   8. (intransitive, of tears, sweat, etc.) To be present, to have welled up.
      • c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene vi]:

        many an orphan’s water-standing eye

      • 1651, Francis Bacon, “Sir Jervas his Confession”, in A True and Historical Relation of the Poysoning of Sir Thomas Overbury‎, London: John Benson & John Playford, page 71:

        now my heart beginneth to melt within me being wounded (with that the tears stood in his eyes) to see the faces of some here present, whom J most earnestly love, and now must depart from with shame […]

      • 1722 (indicated as 1721), [Daniel Defoe], The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders, &c. […], London: […] W[illiam Rufus] Chetwood, […]; and T. Edling, […], published 1722, →OCLC, page 222:

        [He] pull’d me up again, and then giving me tvvo or three Kiſſes again, thank’d me for my kind yielding to him; and vvas ſo overcome with the Satisfaction and Joy of it, that I savv Tears ſtand in his Eyes.

      • 1842 December – 1844 July, Charles Dickens, chapter 32, in The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1844, →OCLC, page 380:

        He takes me half-price to the play, to an extent which I sometimes fear is beyond his means; and I see the tears a standing in his eyes during the whole performance […]

      • 1902 January, John Buchan, “The Outgoing of the Tide”, in The Watcher by the Threshold, and Other Tales, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, published 1902, →OCLC, page 258:

        How he escaped a broken neck in that dreadful place no human being will ever ken. The sweat, he has told me, stood in cold drops upon his forehead […]

2. To position or be positioned mentally:
   1. (intransitive, followed by to + infinitive) To be positioned to gain or lose.

      He stands to get a good price for the house.

   2. (transitive, chiefly in the negative) To tolerate.

      I can’t stand when people don’t read the instructions.

      I can’t stand him.

      • 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter VII, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y.; London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

        [I]f you call my duds a ‘livery’ again there'll be trouble. It's bad enough to go around togged out like a life saver on a drill day, but I can stand that 'cause I'm paid for it. What I won't stand is to have them togs called a livery.

   3. (intransitive, copulative) To maintain one's ground; to be acquitted; not to fail or yield; to be safe.
      • 1712 February 13 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison], “SATURDAY, February 2, 1711–1712”, in The Spectator, number 291; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume III, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC:

        [R]eaders by whose judgment I would stand or fall […]

        The spelling has been modernized.

   4. (intransitive, copulative) To maintain an invincible or permanent attitude; to be fixed, steady, or firm; to take a position in resistance or opposition.
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Esther 8:11:

        The king granted the Jews […] to gather themselves together, and to stand for their life.

      • 1660 August 8 (Gregorian calendar), Robert South, “(please specify the sermon number)[Sermon preached at St. Mary’s Church in Oxon]”, in Sermons Preached upon Several Occasions. […], new edition, volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), London: […] Thomas Tegg, […], published 1843, →OCLC:

        the standing pattern of their imitation

        The spelling has been modernized.

      • 2019 February 19, Doug Criss, “Here’s why students don’t have to recite the Pledge of Allegiance”, in CNN‎, archived from the original on 14 July 2020:

        "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."

   5. (intransitive, copulative, obsolete) To be in some particular state; to have essence or being; to be; to consist.
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Hebrews 9:10:

        sacrifices […] which stood only in meats and drinks

      • 1697, Virgil, “(please specify the book number)”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

        Accomplish what your signs foreshow; / I stand resigned, and am prepared to go.

      • 1826, [Walter Scott], Woodstock; Or, The Cavalier. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, →OCLC:

        Thou seest how it stands with me […], and that I may not tarry.

3. To position or be positioned socially:
   1. (intransitive, cricket) To act as an umpire.
   2. (transitive) To undergo; withstand; hold up.

      The works of Shakespeare have stood the test of time.

      • 1700, [John] Dryden, “Theodore and Honoria, from Boccace”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

        Love stood the siege.

      • 1712 (date written), [Joseph] Addison, Cato, a Tragedy. […], London: […] J[acob] Tonson, […], published 1713, →OCLC, (please specify the page):

        Bid him disband his legions, […] / And stand the judgment of a Roman senate.

      • 1735 January 13 (Gregorian calendar; indicated as 1734), [Alexander] Pope, An Epistle from Mr. Pope, to Dr. Arbuthnot, London: […] J[ohn] Wright for Lawton Gilliver […], →OCLC, page 16, lines 324–325:

        That not for Fame, but Virtue's better end, / He ſtood the furious Foe, the timid Friend, […]

   3. (intransitive, UK) To be a candidate (in an election).

      He is standing for election to the local council.

      • 1678, Izaak Walton, The Life of Robert Sanderson:

        He stood to be elected one of the proctors of the university.

   4. (intransitive) To remain valid.

      What I said yesterday still stands.

   5. (transitive) To oppose, usually as a team, in competition.
      • 1957, Matt Christopher, chapter 7, in Basketball Sparkplug:

        "Kim, Jack, and I will stand you guys," Jimmie Burdette said. / "We'll smear you!" laughed Ron.

      • c. 1973, R. J. Childerhose, Hockey Fever in Goganne Falls‎, page 95:

        The game stopped while sides were sorted out. Andy did the sorting. "Okay," he said. "Jimmy is coming out. He and Gaston and Ike and me will stand you guys."

      • 1978, Louis Sachar, chapter 21, in Sideways Stories from Wayside School, page 86:

        "Hey, Louis," Dameon shouted. "Do you want to play kickball?" ¶ ""All right," said Louis. "Ron and I will both play." […] "Ron and I will stand everybody!" Louis announced.

   6. (transitive) To cover the expense of; to pay for.

      to stand a round of drinks

      to stand a treat

      to stand bail (security in respect of an arrested person)

      • 1854, Arthur Pendennis [pseudonym; William Makepeace Thackeray], The Newcomes: Memoirs of a Most Respectable Family, volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], →OCLC:

        I will either stand a glass of grog, or thou shalt pay the like for me, my lad

   7. (intransitive) To have or maintain a position, order, or rank; to be in a particular relation.

      Christian charity, or love, stands first in the rank of gifts.

      • 2022 September 13, Connor Simpson, “Obama is neutral on Egypt right now”, in Jeffrey Goldberg, editor, The Atlantic‎, Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 4 August 2020:

        President Obama gave his first extended television interview since the protests in Libya and Egypt to Telemundo on Wednesday night, and he took the opportunity to explain the U.S.'s role in the developing world while clarifying where the country stands with Egypt right now.

   8. (intransitive) To be consistent; to agree; to accord.
      • c. 1619 (date written), P[hilip] M[assinger], N[athan] F[ield], The Fatall Dowry: A Tragedy. […], London: […] Iohn Norton, for Francis Constable, […], published 1632, →OCLC, Act IV, signature I2, verso:

        Doubt me not, by Heauen, I vvill doe nothing / But vvhat may ſtand vvith honour: […]

   9. (intransitive) To appear in court.
4. (intransitive, nautical) Of a ship or its captain, to steer, sail (in a specified direction, for a specified destination etc.).
   • 1630, John Smith, True Travels, Kupperman, published 1988, page 40:

     To repaire his defects, hee stood for the coast of Calabria, but hearing there was six or seven Galleyes at Mesina hee departed thence for Malta […].

5. (intransitive, copulative) To remain without ruin or injury.
   • 1692, John Dryden, Cleomenes, the Spartan Hero, a Tragedy:

     My mind on its own centre stands unmov'd.

   • 1816, Lord Byron, “Canto III”, in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Canto the Third, London: […] [F]or John Murray, […], →OCLC, stanza XXXII:

     The ruin'd wall / Stands when its wind-worn battlements are gone.

6. (card games) To stop asking for more cards; to keep one's hand as it has been dealt so far.