英和和英

発音

• enPR: fôl
• (英国発音)
• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /fɔːl/
  • (Standard Southern British) IPA: /foːl/
    • (fool-fall merger) IPA: /fuːl/
  • (Scotland) IPA: /fɔl/
  • (Northumbria) IPA: /faːl/
• (米国発音)
  • (without the cot–caught merger) IPA: /fɔl/
  • (cot–caught merger) IPA: /fɑl/

• (Canada) IPA: /fɒl/
• (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA: /foːl/
• 韻: -ɔːl

語源 1

Verb from 中期英語 fallen, from 古期英語 feallan (“to fall, fail, decay, die, attack”), from Proto-West Germanic *fallan (“to fall”), from Proto-Germanic *fallaną (“to fall”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃elh₁- (“to collapse, fall; to destroy”).

Sense of "autumn" is attested by the 1660s in England as a shortening of fall of the leaf (1540s), from the falling of leaves during this season. Along with autumn, it mostly replaced the older name harvest as that name began to be associated strictly with the act of harvesting. Compare spring, which began as a shortening of “spring of the leaf”.

別の表記

• fal (obsolete)

動詞

fall (third-person singular simple present falls, present participle falling, simple past fell, past participle fallen)

1. (heading, intransitive) To be moved downwards.
   1. To move to a lower position under the effect of gravity.

      Thrown from a cliff, the stone fell 100 feet before hitting the ground.

      I fell unconscious on the floor.

      • 1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter II, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0091:

        There was a neat hat-and-umbrella stand, and the stranger's weary feet fell soft on a good, serviceable dark-red drugget, which matched in colour the flock-paper on the walls.

   2. To come down, to drop or descend.

      The rain fell at dawn.

      • 1920, Herman Cyril McNeile, chapter 1, in Bulldog Drummond:

        Her eyes fell on the table, and she advanced into the room wiping her hands on her apron.

      • 2018 June 13, Rory Smith, “IQ scores are falling and have been for decades, new study finds”, in CNN‎:

        The study not only showed IQ variance between children the same parents, but because the authors had the IQ scores of various parents, it demonstrated that parents with higher IQs tended to have more kids, ruling out the dysgenic fertility theory as a driver of falling IQ scores and highlighting the role of environmental factors instead.

   3. To come as if by dropping down.
      • 1898, William Le Queux, Whoso Findeth a Wife, page 256:

        Once or twice a noise fell upon his quick ear, and we halted, he standing revolver in hand in an attitude of defense. Each time, however, we ascertained that we had no occasion for alarm, the noise being made by some animal or bird  ...

      • 1904, Bram Stoker, The Jewel of Seven Stars, page 248:

        And then a sudden calm fell on us like a cloud of fear. There! on the table, lay the Jewel of Seven Stars, shining and sparkling with lurid light, as though each of the seven points of each of the seven stars gleamed through blood!

      • 1971, Henry Raup Wagner, Spanish Explorations in the Strait of Juan de Fuca:

        Shortly afterwards a breeze came up from the N […] dark clouds closing in over everything. At 3 in the afternoon the breeze came up from the S with a thick drizzle. Thus night fell, and thus we passed the rest of it.

      • 1981, Dan Kirby, Schreiber's Choice, Ace Books, →ISBN:

        The horse wrangler, a tall, bronzed-face man, waved to the wagon driver. The driver laughed. […] The canvas cover rolled up suddenly and a terrible noise fell over the desert.

   4. To come to the ground deliberately, to prostrate oneself.

      He fell to the floor and begged for mercy.

   5. To be brought to the ground.
2. (transitive) To move downwards.
   1. (obsolete) To let fall; to drop.
      • 1594, William Shakespeare, Lucrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], →OCLC:

        For every tear he falls, a Trojan bleeds.

      • c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

        Ghoaſt [of Clarence]. […] / To morrow in the battaile thinke on me, / And fall thy edgeleſſe ſword, diſpaire and die.

   2. (obsolete) To sink; to depress.

      to fall the voice

   3. (UK, US, dialect, archaic) To fell; to cut down.

      to fall a tree

3. (intransitive) To change, often negatively.
   1. (copulative, in idiomatic expressions) To become (chiefly used with negative states).

      Near-synonyms: become, get, go, turn, come, grow, wax

      She has fallen ill.

      The children fell asleep in the back of the car.

      When did you first fall in love?

      fall silent, fall sick, fall pregnant, fall victim to something

      • 1855 December – 1857 June, Charles Dickens, chapter 1, in Little Dorrit, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1857, →OCLC, 1st book (Poverty), page 27:

        At length they stood at the corner from which they had begun, and it had fallen quite dark, and they were no wiser.

      • 1971, Henry Raup Wagner, Spanish Explorations in the Strait of Juan de Fuca:

        Shortly afterwards a breeze came up from the N and then it fell calm, […]

   2. (intransitive) To collapse; to be overthrown or defeated.

      Rome fell to the Goths in 410 AD.

   3. (intransitive, formal, euphemistic) To die, especially in battle or by disease.

      This is a monument to all those who fell in the First World War.

   4. (intransitive) To become lower (in quantity, pitch, etc.).

      The candidate's poll ratings fell abruptly after the banking scandal.

      • 1612, John Davies, Discoverie of the True Causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued:

        The greatness of these Irish lords suddenly fell and vanished.

      • 1835, Sir John Ross, Sir James Clark Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a North-west Passage …, Vol.1, pages 284–5:

        Towards the following morning, the thermometer fell to 5°; and at daylight, there was not an atom of water to be seen in any direction.

      • 2013 July 20, “Old soldiers?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

        Whether modern, industrial man is less or more warlike than his hunter-gatherer ancestors is impossible to determine. […] One thing that is true, though, is that murder rates have fallen over the centuries, as policing has spread and the routine carrying of weapons has diminished. Modern society may not have done anything about war. But peace is a lot more peaceful.

4. To occur (on a certain day of the week, date, or similar); to happen.

   Thanksgiving always falls on a Thursday.

   Last year, Commencement fell on June 3.

   • 1978, Dwight David Eisenhower, Mamie Doud Eisenhower, Letters to Mamie, Doubleday Books:

     (Thus D-day fell on June 6 rather than the planned June 5.)

5. (intransitive) To be allotted to; to arrive through chance, fate, or inheritance.

   And so it falls to me to make this important decision.

   The estate fell to his brother.

   The kingdom fell into the hands of his rivals.

   • 1712 May, [Alexander Pope], “The Rape of the Locke. An Heroi-comical Poem.”, in Miscellaneous Poems and Translations. […], London: […] Bernard Lintott […], →OCLC, canto II:

     If to her share some female errors fall, / Look on her face, and you'll forget them all.

6. (transitive, obsolete) To diminish; to lessen or lower.
   • 1691, [John Locke], Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, and Raising the Value of Money. […], London: […] Awnsham and John Churchill, […], published 1692, →OCLC:

     Upon lessening interest to four per cent, you fall the price of your native commodities.

7. (transitive, obsolete) To bring forth.

   to fall lambs

   • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

     The shepherd […] did […] fall part-colour'd lambs

8. (intransitive, obsolete) To issue forth into life; to be brought forth; said of the young of certain animals.
   • 1672, The Office of the Good House-wife, page 27:

     As for Calves newly fallen, you must leave them with good Litter of fresh Straw until such qime as the Cows have licked and cleansed them,

   • 1805, John Lawrence, A general treatise on cattle, the ox, the sheep, and the swine, etc, page 100:

     My intended remarks are on the cords , and wiping dry the newly fallen calf

   • 1869, William Youatt, Sheep: Their Breeds, Management, and Diseases, page 382:

     another writer, adopting a similar opinion, affirms that it results from the lambs not being docked at a sufficiently early period; for "sometimes the ewe, in the ardour of her maternal affection, chews away the tail from her newly-fallen lamb, and none of these are afterwards affectd by the sturdy;

   • 1892, United States. Bureau of Animal Industry, Special Report on the History and Present Condition of the Sheep Industry of the United States, page 422:

     The newly fallen lambs are a peculiar sight, as they invariably come spotted or black ; but while the head and legs retain their inky black color, the wool grows out white as with the other Down breeds.

9. (intransitive) To descend in character or reputation; to become degraded; to sink into vice, error, or sin.
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Hebrews 4:1:

     Let us labour therefore to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the same example of unbelief.

10. (intransitive) To become ensnared or entrapped; to be worse off than before.

    to fall into error;  to fall into difficulties;  to fall into ruin

11. (intransitive) To assume a look of shame or disappointment; to become or appear dejected; said of the face.
    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 4:5:

      Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.

    • 1712 (date written), [Joseph] Addison, Cato, a Tragedy. […], London: […] J[acob] Tonson, […], published 1713, →OCLC, Act I, scene iv, page 8:

      I have observed of late thy looks are fallen.

12. (intransitive) To happen; to come to pass; to chance or light (upon).
    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ruth 3:18:

      Sit still, my daughter, until thou know how the matter will fall.

    • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

      […] An the worst fall that ever fell, I hope I shall make shift to go without him.

    • 1701, [Jonathan Swift], “Chapter I”, in A Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions between the Nobles and the Commons in Athens and Rome, with the Consequences They Had upon Both Those States, London: […] John Nutt […], →OCLC, page 9:

      […] Polybius tells us, the beſt Government is that which conſiſts of three Forms, Regno, Optimatium, & Populi imperio. Which may be fairly Tranſlated, the Kings, Lords and Commons. […] the Romans fell upon this Model purely by chance, (which I take to have been Nature and common Reaſon) but the Spartans by Thought and Deſign.

    • 1879, Herbert Spencer, Principles of Sociology Volume II – Part IV: Ceremonial Institutions

      Primitive men […] do not make laws, they fall into customs.

13. (intransitive) To begin with haste, ardour, or vehemence; to rush or hurry.

    After arguing, they fell to blows.

    • 1881, Benjamin Jowett (Thucydides)

      They now no longer doubted, but fell to work heart and soul.

14. (intransitive) To be dropped or uttered carelessly.

    An unguarded expression fell from his lips.

15. (intransitive, of a fabric) To hang down (under the influence of gravity).
    • 1878, Gaius Petronius Arbiter, translated by Walter Keating Kelly, Satyricon‎:

      Her hair, which curled naturally, fell all over her shoulders.

    An Empire-style dress has a high waistline – directly under the bust – from which the dress falls all the way to a hem as low as the floor.

16. (intransitive, slang, African-American Vernacular) To visit; to go to a place.

    We'll fall over to the club tonight.