英和和英

語源

From Ukrainian сільра́да (silʹráda), a clipped compound of сільська́ ра́да (silʹsʹká ráda), itself also borrowed into English as silska rada.

発音

• enPR: silʀăʹdə, silrădʹə, sēlräʹdə, IPA: /silˈradə/, /silˈɹadə/, /siːlˈɹɑːdə/
• 韻: -ædə, -ɑːdə

名詞

silrada (plural silrady)

1. A місце́ва ра́да (mistseva rada) centred in a village (село́) or, historically, a rural-type settlement (се́лище [сільсько́го ти́пу]); a Ukrainian selsoviet.

   Coordinate terms: miskrada, selrada

   • [1988, Commission on the Ukraine Famine, “Glossary of Terms” (pages 229–232), in Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Report to Congress, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, s.v. silʹrada, page 231:

     silʹrada (Russian selʹsovet) — short for silʹsʹka rada (selʹskii sovet), village soviet or council.]

   • 2007, John D. Pihach, “Locating the Ancestral Home” (chapter 7, pages 83–123), in Ukrainian Genealogy: A Beginner’s Guide (paperback), Edmonton · Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, →ISBN, Administrative Divisions (pages 88–96), Soviet Ukraine (pages 95–96), page 95:

     Further changes were made during the 1920s, and in 1932 the territorial-administrative system underwent a major change. The units of the new, three-tiered system that were introduced — the oblast (province), raion (county), and the silska rada or silrada — the name not only of a rural district, but also of the elected council that administers it and of its administration building. These three units are still in use today.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:silrada.
   1. A Ukrainian collegial body charged with the administration of one or more rural inhabited localities and its or their associated territory; a Ukrainian rural council.
      • 1956 December, Петро́ Коли́мський [pseudonym, Petro Kolymsky], “The Kolyma Prisoner After His Release” (pages 350–359), in The Ukrainian Quarterly, volume XII, number 4, New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, page 357:

        That evening the head of the Community (Silrada) came to us and advised us to stop further work and either enter the army on the spot or quickly return to Kiev.

      • 1985, Атана́сій Васи́ль Пе́кар, ЧСВВ [Athanasius Basil Pekar, OSBM], “Peter Oros — Our Martyred Priest (1917–1953)” (chapter xii, pages 67–70), in “You Shall Be Witnesses Unto Me”: Contribution to the Martyrology of the Byzantine Catholic Church in Subcarpathian Ruthenia, Pittsburgh: Byzantine Seminary Press, page 69:

        In the morning they received permission from the ‘Silʹrada’ (The Village Council) and were ready to transfer the body to their cemetery.

      • 1988, Даріа́н Дячо́к [Darian Diachok], “Case History LH8” (pages 237–259), in Commission on the Ukraine Famine, editor, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Report to Congress, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, translation of original in Ukrainian, Appendix I: Translations of Selected Oral Histories (pages 235–393), page 241:

        Everyday they called [us] before the village soviet. “Why don’t you join the collective farm?” Well, they answered, this is why or whatever or whatever. And every day they called us out and forced us to make written depositions. They wouldn’t deal with us without the depositions. So the people wrote out the depositions, and then they’d return to the collective farm. This was in 1931. By 1931 the collectivization had reached about 59%. And by 1932 it had reached 70%. They grabbed everyone who had fled, no matter where they found them.
        Silʹrada.

        [original: Кожного дня визивали в сільраду. — Чого не йдеш у колгосп?
        Ну, мовляв, так і так … не хочу, чи як там. І кожного дня визивали і обов’язково приймали заяву. Без заяви не приймали. Писали люди заяви і потім назад у колгосп.
        А це в 1931-му році. В 1931-му році дійшла колективізація приблизно до 59%. А в 1932-му році уже 70% стало. Забрали всіх, хто повтікав, хто куди-що.]

        Kožnoho dnja vyzyvaly v silʹradu. — Čoho ne jdeš u kolhosp?
        Nu, movljav, tak i tak … ne xoču, čy jak tam. I kožnoho dnja vyzyvaly i obovʺjazkovo pryjmaly zajavu. Bez zajavy ne pryjmaly. Pysaly ljudy zajavy i potim nazad u kolhosp.
        A ce v 1931-mu roci. V 1931-mu roci dijšla kolektyvizacija pryblyzno do 59%. A v 1932-mu roci uže 70% stalo. Zabraly vsix, xto povtikav, xto kudy-ščo.

        The original Ukrainian is excerpted from Фе́дір Па́влович Капу́ста [Fedir Pavlovych Kapusta] (1990), “Fedir Kapusta, b. 1900, Horby, Kremlianchiv, Poltava” (Case History LH08, pages 74–88), in James Earnest Mace, Leonid Heretz, editors, Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Oral History Project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, volume one, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, page 77.

      • 1998, Tadeusz Piotrowski, quoting Baruch Milch, Mój testament [My testament], quoted in Poland’s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947, Jefferson · London: McFarland & Company, Inc., translation of original in Polish, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, chapter 4. Polish Collaboration (pages 77–142), § 3. Assistance to Jews (pages 112–128), page 126/2:

        “He gave the appearance of being resolute, brave, enterprising, poor, frugal, and although a Ukrainian, did not manifest a negative disposition toward the Jewish question, all the more so since his brother was the head of the silrada [village council] during the Soviet occupation for which reason both he and his wife were murdered by the local Ukrainian Sich.”

        [original: Co do pana B. — wydawał się człowiekiem rezolutnym, odważnym, przedsiębiorczym, niezamożnym, oszczędnym, a chociaż Ukrainiec, nie wykazał negatywnego ustosunkowania się do kwestii żydowskiej, tym bardziej że brat jego był głową „silrady” [rady wiejskiej] za Sowietów, za co go z żoną ukraińska miejscowa Sicz zamordowała.]

        The original Polish is excerpted from Baruch Milch (1943–1944), Mój testament [My testament] (pages 3–52), in Zbigniew Grzegorz Gluza, editor, Karta, № 2, Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza „Volumen”, published February 1991, page 38.

      • 2018, О́льга Ро́бертівна Бертельсен [Olga Bertelsen], “‘Hyphenated’ Identities during the Holodomor: Women and Cannibalism” (chapter 4, pages 77–96), in Elissa Bemporad, Joyce Violet Williams Warren, editors, Women and Genocide: Survivors, Victims, Perpetrators, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 81:

        Predominantly male Bolshevik heads of collective farms (kolhospy) and the village councils (silrady) believed in their superior status over women, perceptions that were rooted in the historically patriarchal traditions of Tsarist Russia.

      • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:silrada.
   2. The municipal building in which a Ukrainian rural council holds its meetings and conducts its business; a Ukrainian village hall.
      • 1950 Summer, Богда́н Романенчу́к [Bohdan Romanenchuk], “Ten Years of Soviet Literature in Ukraine” (pages 246–252), in The Ukrainian Quarterly, volume VI, number 3, New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, page 249:

        The author’s task in the second play “Come to Dzvonkove” is to show the post-war reconstruction. He, however, shows only the magnificent plans of this. The authorities of the village Dzvonkove plan to build a general hospital, drugstore, radio broadcasting station, library, school of agronomy, club, bakery, store and a “silrada” (city hall) with a colonnade, such as “his eminence Count Gursky one had”.

      • 1990, James Earnest Mace, Leonid Heretz, “Anonymous male, b. 1924, Strokova, Pereiaslav, Kiev” (Case History SW20, pages 823–827), in Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Oral History Project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, volume two, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, page 823:

        "Dekulakization happened like this: They came and all went to the silʹrada, where there was some kind of meeting, to which the people all went and were told to sign up for the kolhosp. Well, some did sign up, because there was no way out, because they had the power to force people, and they forced them. Well, some didn't want to, and…were taken by force and either sent to Siberia, to labor camps, or they fled…to the Donbas to work in the mines."

      • 1992, Володи́мир Андрі́йович Бо́гдан [Vladimir A. Bohdan], “Playing Cards” (chapter 2, pages 7–13), in Avoiding Extinction: Children of the Kulak, New York: Vantage Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, pages 7–8:

        “Hurry up, you smart-ass! You’re holding up our game!” growled Vania. “And don’t bring the blizzard inside. Wipe your boots with that fancy birch broom. It cost me two cigarettes. Ha ha ha!” The brazen greeting seemed to cheer Andrij as he went through the heavy door of the silrada. He tried to manufacture a smile in spite of his cold face as he brushed the snow off his boots.

      • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:silrada.
   3. (historical outside the Crimea) The administrative–territorial unit headed by such a Ukrainian rural council.
      • 1953, Степа́н Миха́йлович Шуме́йко [Stephen Shumeyko], The Golgotha of Ukraine: Eye-witness Accounts of the Famine in Ukraine Instigated and Fostered by the Kremlin in an Attempt to Quell Ukrainian Resistance to Soviet Russian National and Social Enslavement of the Ukrainian People, New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, affidavit of Ivan Klymko, page 36:

        All that is written here by Dmytro Solovey about what took place in 1929 through 1933 in the Fediyiv Silrada, Reshetilivski District, Poltavschyna (about collectivization, arrests, expropriation and the horrors of the famine) has been written as dictated by me, and is completely in accord with what took place.

      • 1959, Володи́мир Миха́йлович Кубійо́вич [V. Kubiyovych], “Changes in the Population of the Ukrainian SSR (1927–1958)” (article 2, pages 6–20), in Ukrainian Review, № 8, Munich: Institute for the Study of the USSR, page 6:

        Although the figures for 1926 refer to different administrative areas (okruhy, raiony and silrady, and in the Western Ukraine — povity, zbirni hromady, hromady) the fact that these are comparatively small units has made it possible to relate 1926 figures to the present administrative areas.

      • 1963, Shevchenko Scientific Society, edited by Володи́мир Миха́йлович Кубійо́вич [Volodymyr Kubijovyč], Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopaedia, volume I, Toronto: published for The Ukrainian National Association by the University of Toronto Press, § III. Population (pages 156–267), 6. ethnic composition of the population (pages 208–251), Sources (pages 208–214), page 208/1:

        The 1959 census provides figures only for the oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR (the population census of 1926 provided an analysis by nationality of the raions, the cities, the towns, and even the silʹradas); insofar as the rest of the Soviet Union is concerned, the 1959 census provides figures only for the constituent republics.

      • 1971, Shevchenko Scientific Society, edited by Володи́мир Миха́йлович Кубійо́вич [Volodymyr Kubijovyč], Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopaedia, volume II, Toronto: published for The Ukrainian National Association by the University of Toronto Press, § I. The Law (pages 3–119), 9. law and government of the Ukrainian SSR (pages 77–119), System of Government (pages 77–94), page 91/2:

        The Ukrainian SSR is divided into 25 administrative oblasts. Each oblast is in turn subdivided into raions. There are two types of raions: urban, found in large cities, and rural, which consist of a number of silʹradas (village councils) with the seat located in a small town or a large village. As of July 1, 1967, there were 475 raions and 8,550 silʹradas in the Ukrainian SSR.

      • 1979, Українська Центральна Інформаційна Служба [Ukrainian Central Information Service], compiler, Українські політичні в’язні в Совєтському Союзі біографічна ліста [Ukrainian Political Prisoners in the Soviet Union: A Biographical List] (Political Affairs Series; № 29), Торонто [Toronto]: Ліґа Визволення України · Дослідний Інститут Студіюм [Canadian League for the Liberation of Ukraine · Studium Research Institute], page 54:

        Zynoviy Mykhaylovych Krasivskyi was born in Morshyn, Lviv oblast, in 1930. […] His present address is: Lvivska oblast, Stryyskyi r-n, Strilkivska silrada, s. Berezhytsya, Berezhnivska psychlikarnya, Zinoviy Mykhaylovych Krasivskyi.

      • 1983 Summer, Яр Славу́тич [Yar Slavutych, pseud. Григо́рій Миха́йлович Жуче́нко (Hryhorii Mykhailovych Zhuchenko)], “The Famine of 1932–1933 As It Affected One Rural Council (A Recollection)” (pages 179–188), in The Ukrainian Quarterly, volume XXXIX, number 2, New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, page 179:

        The setting of my account is the Novo-Shevchenkivska Silrada (New-Shevchenko Rural Council), which encompassed several small villages: Blahodatne, Novi Obytoky, Utishne, Novo-Shevchenkivske (and possibly one more), as well as several individual farmsteads.

      • 1990, James Earnest Mace, Leonid Heretz, “Mykhailo Lysenko, b. 1902, Hryhorivka, Amvrosiivka, Donetsʹk” (Case History LH05, pages 33–64), in Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Oral History Project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, volume one, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, page 33:

        Mykhailo Lysenko, b. 1902 in Semenivka khutir (Russian khutor, farmstead outside a village), Hryhorivka silʹrada (village council), Amvrosiïvka district, Donetsʹk region, into a relatively wealthy family ("My father had only 50 desiatynas [135 acres] of land.") of colonists from Zaporizhzhia.

      • 1990, James Earnest Mace, Leonid Heretz, quoting the anonymous narratrix born the 23rd of June 1920, “Anonymous female, b. 1920, Mlyny, Zinʹkiv, Poltava” (Case History LH66, pages 706–709), in Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: Oral History Project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, volume two, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, page 708:

        Поголовно вимерли — це було маленьке село Коржівка (a small village under Opishnia silʹrada).

        Poholovno vymerly — ce bulo malenʹke selo Korživka

        They completely died out — this was the little village of Korzhivka (a small village under Opishnia silʹrada).

      • 1993, Васи́ль Васи́льович Ма́ркусь [Vasyl Markus], І́гор Богда́нович Стебе́льський [Ihor Stebelsky], “Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic”, in Дани́ло Євста́хійович Гу́сар-Струк [Danylo Husar Struk], editor, Encyclopedia of Ukraine, volume V: St–Z, Toronto · Buffalo · London: University of Toronto Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 440/2:

        For administrative purposes the URSR was divided into 25 oblasts, 479 raions, and 8,878 rural councils (silrady).

      • 2010, Тетя́на Ю́ріївна Журже́нко [Tatiana Zhurzhenko], “Becoming Ukrainians in a ‘Russian’ Village: Local Identity, Language and National Belonging” (chapter 7), in Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine (Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society), Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag, published 2014, →ISBN, →ISSN, § 7.1: Udy as a site of research, page 285:

        Udy is a village in the Zolochiv raion in the north of the Kharkiv oblast, with a population of around 1,300. It is the centre of a silrada/selsovet, i.e. an administrative subunit of the raion that includes four other smaller villages, most of them in decay and inhabited mainly by pensioners.

      • 2023 July, Оле́на Па́влівна Палько́ [Olena Palko], Рома́н Микола́йович Ко́ршук [Roman Korshuk], “Constructing Ethnic Identities in Early Soviet Ukraine” (chapter 16, pages 175–190), in Оле́на Па́влівна Палько́ [Olena Palko], Manuel Férez Gil, editors, Ukraine’s Many Faces: Land, People, and Culture Revisited (New Europes; volume I), Bielefeld: [transcript], →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, The Soviet Minorities Experiment, page 176:

        Soviet Ukraine was the first Soviet republic to implement this reform. This was launched on August 29 1924, by the Council of People’s Commissars’ (or Radnarkom’s) decree “On the formation of national districts and soviets”, which resulted in the creation of an intricate system of village soviets (silski rady, or silrady) throughout Ukraine, the boundaries between which were determined by the ethnic composition of those communities.

      • 2025, Stephan Rindlisbacher, “Gosplan: How to Achieve Spatial Homogeneity” (chapter 2, pages 32–62), in Borders in Red: Managing Diversity in the Early Soviet Union (NIU Series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies), DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, →LCCN, The Momentum of the Margins (pages 43–52), page 46:

        From 1923 to 1925, the old administrative units inherited from the Russian Empire were completely dissolved and gradually replaced by what Ukrainian planners considered rational and feasible for their republic: a system of okruga (okruhy), raiony, and rural and urban soviets (silʹrady/misʹrady). Before the reforms, the UkrSSR had had twelve gubernii (huberniï), 102 uezdy (povity), and 1,989 volosti; after the reforms, it had forty-one okruga (okruhy) and 632 raiony.

      • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:silrada.

使用する際の注意点

• Outside the Crimea, the silrada qua administrative–territorial unit has been superseded by the hromada (introduced 2015–2020). Since 2017, many former silrady have been effectively re-established as starostynski okruhy subordinate to those hromady.

Further reading

• silrada on Wikipedia.Wikipedia