possumとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• enPR: pŏs'əm, IPA: /ˈpɒsəm/
• 韻: -ɒsəm

名詞

possum (plural possums)

1. (US) An opossum, a marsupial of the family Didelphidae of the Americas.
2. Any of the marsupials in several families of the order Diprotodontia of Australia and neighboring islands.

派生語

関連する語

• opossum

参考

• possum on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Diprotodontia on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• Didelphidae on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

動詞

possum (third-person singular simple present possums, present participle possuming, simple past and past participle possumed)

1. (intransitive) To play possum; to feign sleep, illness, or death.

参照

語源

From Proto-Italic *possom, from *potis (“master in control of”) + *som (“I am”). By surface analysis, potis + sum. Cognates include Oscan púttiad (“they can”) and South Picene puti (“I could”).

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈpɔs.sũː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈpɔs.sum]

動詞

possum (present infinitive posse or potesse, perfect active potuī); irregular conjugation, suppletive, impersonal in the passive in Old Latin, no gerund

1. be able to, can, may

   Synonyms: polleō, queō, valeō, praevaleō, vigeō

   Antonym: nequeō

   Tunc, modo edere nōn potuit ― At that time, he just wasn't able to eat

   Possum Latīnē loquī. ― I am able to speak in Latin.

   Potesne mihi succurrere, quaesō? ― Can you help me please?

   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.39–41:

     “[...] Pallāsne exūrere classem
     Argīvum atque ipsōs potuit submergere pontō,
     ūnīus ob noxam et furiās Aiācis Oīlēī?”

     “Was not Pallas able to burn the Argive fleet and to drown [the men] themselves in the sea – [all] because of the crime and fury of [just] one man, Ajax, [son] of Oileus?”
     (Pallas or Athena meted divine retribution after the fall of Troy; there the Argive/Greek invaders had desecrated Athena’s temple, in which Ajax the Lesser assaulted Cassandra.)

   • 8 CE – 12 CE, Ovid, Sorrows 1.57–58:

     tū tamen ī prō mē, tū, cui licet, aspice Rōmam,
     dī facerent, possem nunc meus esse līber!

     Nevertheless, you go instead of me – you, to whom it is allowed, behold [the city of] Rome – Gods! [If only you] would grant [it], [that] now I would be able to be my book!
     (The exiled poet addresses his book as if it were a living emissary that he will send to Rome in his place. The optative subjunctive “facerent” expresses a wish, followed by the jussive subjunctive “possem” stating what the writer believes should be done.)

2. to have influence or efficacy, to avail, to have power over, to have mastery of, to rule over
3. to partake of, to attain, to fulfill
4. to accord to one's abilities or power

Conjugation

This verb is irregular, but synchronously resembles sum prefixed with pot-. Several contractions and simplifications occur, however, namely: -ts- → -ss-, -tf- → -t-, -tess- → -ss- (note that potēns does not originate from non-existent *fēns).

However, while this analysis works synchronically, diachronically, this relationship does not reflect a cognate historical relationship in all cases. For example, Osco-Umbrian forms confirm that a Proto-Italic verb Proto-Italic *poteō (“to be master”) (stem *pot-ē-) must also be reconstructed that, although lost in Latin otherwise, appears to have been the ultimate historical source of potuī and potēns.

In Late Latin, the first person singular is changed to possō (causing the verb to be treated like a third conjugation verb (stem poss-) in the present subjunctive (*possam, *possās)), the third person plural (eī / eae / ea) possunt was preserved as such, and the rest of the verb became the second conjugation verb potēre ((tu) *potēs, (is / ea / id) *potet, (nōs) *potēmus and (vōs) *potētis), based on forms like potuī and potēns, just like velle (infinitive of volō) was reformed to *volēre after forms like voluī and volēns.

Old Latin. The passive forms are only used to govern a passive infinitive; e.g. nec retrahi potestur imperiis ― "nor can it be withdrawn by commands".

引用

派生語

• multum posse
• posse
• possibilis
• potēns
• potentia

関連する語

派生した語

• Vulgar Latin: possō (see there for further descendants)

参照

• “possum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “possum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “possum”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei or ut possit...
    
  • I cannot make myself believe that..: non possum adduci, ut (credam)
    
  • I cannot bring myself to..: a me impetrare non possum, ut
    
  • he is a young man of great promise: adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit or alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt
    
  • I have exhausted all my material: copiam quam potui persecutus sum
    
  • movable, personal property: res, quae moveri possunt; res moventes (Liv. 5. 25. 6)
    
  • to isolate a witness: aliquem a ceteris separare et in arcam conicere ne quis cum eo colloqui possit (Mil. 22. 60)
    
  • men of military age: qui arma ferre possunt or iuventus
    
  • men exempt from service owing to age: qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt or aetate ad bellum inutiles
    
  • by the longest possible forced marches: quam maximis itineribus (potest)
    
  • this can be said of..., applies to..: hoc dici potest de aliqua re
    
  • this can be said of..., applies to..: hoc transferri potest in aliquid
    
  • I cannot find words for..: dici vix (non) potest or vix potest dici (vix like non always before potest)
    
  • without wishing to boast, yet..: quod vere praedicare possum
    
  • that is self-evident, goes without saying: hoc facile intellegi potest
    
  • from this it appears, is apparent: ex quo intellegitur or intellegi potest, debet
    
  • (ambiguous) to be scarcely able to restrain one's laughter: risum tenere vix posse
    
  • (ambiguous) to be scarcely able to restrain one's laughter: risum aegre continere posse
    
  • (ambiguous) to be hardly able to restrain one's tears: lacrimas tenere non posse
    
  • (ambiguous) to be hardly able to restrain one's tears: fletum cohibere non posse
    
  • (ambiguous) to be unable to speak for emotion: prae lacrimis loqui non posse
    
  • (ambiguous) to be unable to sleep: somnum capere non posse
    
  • (ambiguous) to have great influence with a person; to have considerable weight: multum auctoritate valere, posse apud aliquem
    
  • (ambiguous) to have great weight as a speaker: multum dicendo valere, posse
    
  • (ambiguous) to be unable to say all one wants: verbis non omnia exsequi posse
    
  • (ambiguous) to have a powerful navy: navibus plurimum posse
    
• possum in Ramminger, Johann (16 July 2016 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
• https://logeion.uchicago.edu/possum
• https://outils.biblissima.fr/en/collatinus-web/#possum