travailとは

意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• enPR: trə-vālʹ, trăvʹāl', IPA^(key): /tɹəˈveɪl/, /ˈtɹævˌeɪl/
• 韻: -eɪl

語源 1

Possible appearance of a Tripalium

From Middle English travail, from Old French travail (“suffering, torment”), from Vulgar Latin *tripaliō (“to torture; suffer, toil”) from Late Latin trepālium (“an instrument of torture”) from Latin tripālis (“held up by three stakes”) from Proto-Italic *trēs + *pākslos from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ-.

名詞

travail (複数形 travails または travaux)

1. (literary) Arduous or painful exertion; excessive labor, suffering, hardship. [from 13th c.]
   • 1582 – 1610, Douay Rheims Bible, Book of Ecclesiasticus (Wisdom of Sirach) XL.1–11:

     Great trauail is created to al men, and an heauie yoke vpon the children of Adam, from the day of their comming forth of their mothers wombe, vntil the day of their burying, into the mother of al. Their cogitations, and feares of the hart, imagination of things to come, and the day of their ending: from him that ſitteth vpon the glorious ſeate, vnto him that is humbled in earth & aſhes. From him that weareth hyacinth, and beareth the crowne, euen to him that is couered with rude linen: furie, enuie, tumult, wauering, and the feare of death, anger perſeuering, and contention, and in time of repoſe in bed, the ſleepe of night changeth his knowledge. A litle is as nothing in reſt, and afterward in ſleepe, as in the day of watch. He is troubled in the viſion of his hart, as he that hath eſcaped in the day of battel. In the time of his ſafetie he roſe vp, and merueleth at no feare: with al fleſh, from man euen to beaſt, and vpon ſinners ſeuenfold. Beſides theſe things, death, bloud, contention, and ſword, oppreſſions, famine, and contrition, and ſcourges: for the wicked al theſe were created, and for them the floud was made. Al things that are of the earth, ſhal turne into the earth, and al waters ſhal returne into the ſea.

   • 1597, Richard Hooker, Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie, Book V, §21:

     But as every thing of price, so this doth require travail.

   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 20, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], OCLC 946730821:

     Travell and pleasure, most unlike in nature, are notwithstanding followed together by a kind of I wot not what natural conjunction […].

   • 1936, Djuna Barnes, Nightwood, Faber & Faber 2007, p. 38:

     He had thought of making a destiny for himself, through laborious and untiring travail.

   • 2005, Tony Judt, “Culture Wars”, in Postwar: A history of Europe since 1945, London: Vintage Books, published 2010, →ISBN:

     And the British mandarin Left, like their contemporaries in the Foreign Office, had little time for the travails of the small countries between Germany and Russia, whom they had always regarded as something of a nuisance.

2. Specifically, the labor of childbirth. [from 13th c.]
   • 1607–08, William Shakespeare (?), Pericles, Prince of Tyre, Act III, Chorus:

     The lady shrieks and, well-a-near,

     Does fall in travail with her fear.

   • 1611, King James Version, Genesis 38:27–28:

     And it came to pass in the time of her travail, that, behold, twins were in her womb. And it came to pass, when she travailed, that the one put out his hand: and the midwife took and bound upon his hand a scarlet thread, saying, This came out first,

3. (obsolete, countable) An act of working; labor (米国用法), labour (英国用法). [14th-18th c.]
4. (obsolete) The eclipse of a celestial object. [17th c.]
5. Obsolete form of travel.
6. Alternative form of travois (“a kind of sled”)

関連する語

参照

• John A. Simpson and Edward S. C. Weiner, editors (1989), “travail”, in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN.
• Douglas Harper (2001–2021), “travail”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

語源 2

From Middle English travailen, from Old French travaillier, from the noun (see above).

動詞

travail (三人称単数 現在形 travails, 現在分詞 travailing, 過去形および過去分詞形 travailed)

1. To toil.
   • 1552, Hugh Latimer, "Fourth Sermon on the Lord's Prayer, Preached before Lady Katherine, Duchess of Suffolk":

     [A]ll slothful persons, which will not travail for their livings, do the will of the devil.

   • 1611, King James Version, Job 15:20:

     The wicked man travaileth with pain all his days, and the number of years is hidden to the oppressor.

   • 1714, J[ohn] Gay, “The Proeme to the Courteous Reader”, in The Shepherd’s Week. In Six Pastorals, London: […] R. Burleigh […], OCLC 22942401:

     Other poet travailing in this plain high-way of paſtoral know I none.

2. To go through the labor of childbirth.
   • 1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, John XIV:

     A woman when she traveyleth hath sorowe, be cause her houre is come: but as sone as she is delivered off her chylde she remembreth no moare her anguysshe, for ioye that a man is borne in to the worlde.

Further reading

• Tripalium on Wikipedia.