英和和英

語源

From Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz.

Uncertain ultimate origin, usually held to be from Latin -ārius. Gąsiorowski instead suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which were then masculinised by attaching *-ós. He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā.

Cognate with Old Frisian -ere, Old Saxon -āri, Old High German -āri.

発音

• IPA: /e.re/

接尾辞

-ere

1. masculine agent suffix, originally applied only to nouns

   Synonyms: -a, -end

   ‎dōm (“judgement”) + ‎-ere → ‎dōmere (“judge”)

   ‎fugol (“bird”) + ‎-ere → ‎fuglere (“fowler”)

語形変化

Strong ja-stem:

派生語

派生した語

• Middle English: -ere, -ar, -are, -er
  • English: -er
  • Middle Scots: -ar, -ir
    • Scots: -er
  • Yola: -eare, -ere, -er

別の表記

• -ar, -are, -er

発音

• IPA: /-ər(ə)/
• IPA: /-ˌɛ̞ːr(ə)/ (with secondary stress)

接尾辞

-ere

1. Forms agent nouns from other nouns or verbs, especially occupational; -er
2. (Late Middle English, rare) Forms nouns denoting a inhabitant or resident of a location; -er

使用する際の注意点

• The use of this suffix on abstract nouns is late and rare.
• Due to vowel reduction, this suffix is sometimes conflated with -er and -our, especially in Late Middle English.

派生語

派生した語

• English: -er
• Middle Scots: -ar, -ir
  • Scots: -er
• Yola: -eare, -ere, -er

参照

• “-ē̆r(e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

語源 2

Inherited from 古期英語 -ra, from Proto-West Germanic *-iʀō, *-ōʀō, from Proto-Germanic *-izô or Proto-Germanic *-ōzô; related to superlative -est.

The change from -ra to -ere is probably due to analogy with apocopated forms of this suffix with an anaptyctic vowel (i.e. -er).

別の表記

• -er, -ore, -re

発音

• IPA: /-ər(ə)/, /-rə/

接尾辞

-ere

1. Used to form the comparative degree of adjectives; more, -er.
2. Used to form the comparative degree of adverbs; more, -er.

使用する際の注意点

• Unlike in the modern English standard, this suffix may be appended to adjectives or adverbs of any length; in fact, periphrastic comparison with more or mest, most is rather uncommon. Like in Early Modern English and nonstandard modern English, this periphrastic comparative may be combined with the synthetic comparative to form a pleonastic "double comparative"; more grettere (“larger”, literally “more larger”).
• Irregular comparatives formed with this suffix may induce umlaut or shortening of the vowel of the root it is appended to; most of these compete with regular forms, which increasingly predominate in later Middle English (e.g. lengere, longere, both "longer"; deppere, depere, both "deeper").

派生した語

• English: -er
• Middle Scots: -ar, -ir
  • Scots: -er

参照

• “-er, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• “-er, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• Mossé, Fernand (1952), “IX. Elements of the Sentence”, in James A. Walker, transl., A Handbook of Middle English‎, I. Grammar: Part Three. The Sentence, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, translation of Manuel du l'Anglais de Moyen Age des Origines au XIVe Siècle (in French), →OCLC, § 115, page 92.
• Mustanoja, Tauno F. (1960), “Adjectives: Comparison”, in A Middle English Syntax (Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki; 23), volume I: Parts of Speech, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, page 279; republished at Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016, →DOI, →ISBN.

語源 3

接尾辞

-ere

1. alternative form of -er (agentive suffix)

語源 4

接尾辞

-ere

1. alternative form of -re (plural suffix)

語源 5

接尾辞

-ere

1. alternative form of -eren

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈɛ.rɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈɛː.re]

接尾辞

-ere

1. present active infinitive of -ō (third conjugation)

派生語

• -āre
• -ēre
• -īre

語源 2

From Proto-Italic *-ēzi, in which z changed into r due to rhotacism. Formed by analogy with the short-vowel ending -ere for the Proto-Italic and Latin second conjugation (Etymology 1 above).

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈeː.rɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈɛː.re]

接尾辞

-ēre

1. present active infinitive of -eō (second conjugation)

語源 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

別の表記

• -ēris

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈeː.rɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈɛː.re]

接尾辞

-ēre

1. second-person singular present passive subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
2. second-person singular present passive indicative of -eō (second conjugation)

語源 4

From Proto-Italic -ēri, third person plural perfect active ending.

接尾辞

-ere

1. Used for the third person present perfect plural form of any regular verb.

使用する際の注意点

• This form is obsolete, having been superseded by -ērunt.

副詞

'ere (not comparable)

1. (British, slang and dialectal) Pronunciation spelling of there.
   • 1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “(please specify the chapter name)”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC:

     ‘He’s a queer customer, the vun-eyed vun, sir,’ observed Mr. Weller, as he led the way. ‘He’s a-gammonin’ that ‘ere landlord, he is, sir, till he don’t rightly know wether he’s a-standing on the soles of his boots or the crown of his hat.’

間投詞

'ere

1. (British, slang) Contraction of look here, used for emphasis at the beginning of a sentence when expressing an opinion or want.

   ’Ere, why don't we get some cigarettes?

アナグラム

• -eer, EER, REE, Ree, e'er, eer, ree