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• run-off

語源

Deverbal from run off.

発音

名詞

runoff (countable and uncountable, plural runoffs)

1. That portion of precipitation or irrigation on an area which does not infiltrate or evaporate, but instead is discharged from the area.

   Hyponyms: surface runoff, stormwater; farm runoff

   • 1994, Ruth Patrick, Rivers of the United States, Estuaries, page 138:

     The next series of high tides or large waves will tend to rebuild the berm and redam the stream. Ultimately, increased runoff due to fall or winter rains will raise the stream level to the point where it breaks through.

2. Dissolved chemicals, etc, included in such water.

   The runoff of nitrates is poisoning the lake.

3. (sports) A second or further round of a competition, after other competitors (often all but the last two) have been eliminated.
4. (politics) A second or further round of an indecisive election, after other candidates (often all but the last two) have been eliminated.

   There will now be a runoff as neither front runner received more than 50% of the vote.

   • 2012 April 23, Angelique Chrisafis, “François Hollande on top but far right scores record result in French election”, in The Guardian‎:

     It is one of the left's best ever results and will raise momentum for next month's final runoff where only the two candidates will compete against each other.

   • 2022 April 21, Michael Crowley, “U.S. Braces for Potential French Election Shockwave”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:

     Mr. Macron was unable to command more than a small plurality of support against several opponents in the first round of voting on April 10. Ms. Le Pen, who finished second, is his opponent in the runoff election on Sunday.

派生語

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動詞

run off (third-person singular simple present runs off, present participle running off, simple past ran off, past participle run off)

1. To flee or depart quickly.

   Don't run off before the end of the event.

   He ran off to France leaving her with all the debts and three children to bring up.

   • 1966, The Kinks, Sunny Afternoon:

     My girlfriend's run off with my car
     And gone back to her ma and pa.

2. (idiomatic) To make photocopies, or print.

   Please run off a couple dozen more flyers to pass out.

3. (idiomatic) To write something quickly.

   Shakespeare could run off a play in just a couple of days.

4. (of a liquid) To pour or spill off or over.

   They kept a barrel to store rainwater that has run off the roof.

5. To cause to flow away.

   to run off a charge of molten metal from a furnace

6. To chase someone away.

   If anyone comes into this field, the bull will soon run them off.

   • 1983 December 10, Jay, “Who Are The Real Victimizers?”, in Gay Community News, volume 11, number 21, page 16:

     The detective came back to see them the next day to take "additional statements." The boys dad refused him access to the boys because when they saw him drive up, they burst into tears and hid in their room. Their dad eventually, several days later, had to run the detective off with a shotgun.

7. To operate by a particular energy or fuel source.

   This radio runs off batteries.

8. To have diarrhea. (Can we add an example for this sense?)
9. To recite, especially items on a list.

   He ran off the checklist one by one but still missed a couple of items.

10. (transitive) To steal (horses).

    He ran off a pony from the ranch.

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