英和和英

語源 1

From 中期英語 -es, from 古期英語 -as. More at -s.

接尾辞

-es

1. Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, or /d͡ʒ/), such as:
   1. (t)ch, when pronounced as /tʃ/: glitch→glitches (but psych→psychs)
   2. (j)j: hajj→hajjes (j is only final in loan words raj, hajj)
   3. (s)s: bus→buses, Jones → Joneses; waltz → waltzes; yes → yeses.
   4. x: box→boxes; crux → cruces
   5. (z)z: buzz → buzzes
   6. sh: ash→ashes
2. Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a consonant (or qu) + y:

   lady→ladies, soliloquy→soliloquies (but key→keys)

3. Used to form the plural of some nouns that end in a consonant + o:

   tomato→tomatoes (but soprano→sopranos)

4. (dialectal) Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in /sp/, /st/, /sk/

   post→postes /ˈpəʊstɪz/, /ˈpoʊstɪz/ (standard posts)

使用する際の注意点

Nouns that end in silent e in the singular regularly form their plural with the ending -s, e.g. "fence" /ˈfɛns/→"fences" /ˈfɛnsɪz/, "bridge" /ˈbɹɪd͡ʒ/→"bridges" /ˈbɹɪd͡ʒɪz/.

A handful of words that end in the sound /s/ have developed optional (and sometimes proscribed) alternative plural forms that end in /siːz/ (pronounced like seize) in place of /sɪz/: commonly heard examples are processes and biases. This may be due to influence from the standard plurals of words like parentheses and hypotheses (where -ses /siːz/ replaces -sis /sɪs/ in the singular).

語源 2

From 中期英語 -es, -is, from 古期英語 -es, -as, Northern variants of -est, -ast (second person singular indicative ending). Replaced 中期英語 -eth, from 古期英語 -eþ, -aþ. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in 古期英語 is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).

接尾辞

-es

1. Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:
   1. that end in (t)ch pronounced as /tʃ/: impeach→impeaches (but psych→psychs)
   2. that end in (s)s: miss → misses, yes → yesses; bus → buses; buss → busses
   3. that end in x: tax → taxes; rendezvous → rendezvouses.
   4. that end in (z)z: fizz→fizzes;
   5. that end in consonant + o in some cases: go→goes (but radio→radios)
   6. that end in sh: wish→wishes
   7. that end in consonant (or qu) + y: cry→cries (but buy→buys)

語源 3

See -s, -'s.

接尾辞

-es

1. (obsolete, no longer productive) Possessive marker; see -s, -'s.
   • 1573, An exposition of the kinges prerogative, collected out of the great Abridgement of Justice Fitzherbert and other olde writers of the lawes of England, page 38:

     ... whereupon king Henry his sonne, as it may appeare by the later clause of this chapter, recouered diuers eschet[s] of lande within this Realme holden by Normans, whiche after they began to adhere to the French king, the kinges enimy […]

アナグラム

• -se, SE, Se., se, se.

語源 1

The a-stem genitive singular ending is derived from Proto-West Germanic *-as, from Proto-Germanic *-as. Based on the voiceless *s, Ringe 2006 argues that this ending was analogically taken from the genitive singular determiner *þas, from *tósyo.

別の表記

• -æs — early

接尾辞

-es

1. genitive case/possessive marker for a-stem nouns, indicating that an object belongs to the noun

   ‎hund (“dog”) + ‎-es → ‎hundes (“dog's”)

   ‎sċip (“ship”) + ‎-es → ‎sċipes (“ship's”)

2. forms the strong masculine/neuter genitive singular of adjectives
3. used in formation of adverbs, originally from the genitive of masculine and neuter nouns, but later added also to feminine nouns by analogy

   dæġes (adverb) ― by day

   nihtes (adverb) ― by night

派生語

派生した語

• Middle English: -es, -s (mostly Late Middle English), -is, -ys (Northern, Early Scots), -us (West Midland)
  • English: -'s
  • Middle Scots: -is, -s
    • Scots: -'s
• ⇒ Middle English: -es, -s
  • English: -s, -st, -ce (as in once, since)
  • Middle Scots: -is, -s
    • Scots: -s, -st, -ce (as in ance/yince)

参照

語源 2

接尾辞

-es (Anglian)

1. Alternative form of -est; marks the second person singular of class I weak verbs

   ‎worða (“to become”) + ‎-es → ‎worðes (“you become”)

別の表記

• -as, -æs (Early Middle English); -s (especially Late Middle English)
• -is, -ys (Northern, Early Scots); -us (West Midland)

接尾辞

-es

1. Used to form the (nominative/accusative) plural form of regular nouns.

使用する際の注意点

• Especially after the Early Middle English period, this suffix often (but not always) takes the form -s after polysyllabic nouns, though in nouns ending in the sequences /əl/, /əm/, /ən/, /ər/, the /ə/ of the root may be dropped instead, as in thondres (“thunders”). However, due to the influence of the Old French plural suffix -s, even monosyllabic nouns borrowed from Old French often take -s; if they end in /t/, this is often lost before the suffix: servauns (“servants”), following the parallel simplifications of Middle English /ts/ and Old French /t͡s/ to /s/.
• Due to Old English and early Middle English sound changes, the noun stem may undergo modification when this suffix is attached, most notably:
  • Replacement of the voiceless fricatives /f/, /s/, /θ/ with voiced /v/, /z/, /ð/, as lyf:lyves.
  • Lengthening of vowels, as in blad (/blad/):blades (/ˈblaːdəs/), though this tends to be levelled out.

派生した語

• English: -s, -es (see there for further descendants)
• Middle Scots: -is, -s
  • Scots: -s, -es

参照

• “-(e)s, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
• d'Ardenne, S[imonne] R. T. O. (1961) [1936], “Language”, in Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (Early English Text Society; 248), London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, § 77, page 216.
• Sandved, Arthur (1985), “10. Inflection”, in Introduction to Chaucerian English (Chaucer Studies; 11), Part II: Morphology, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 46-47.

語源 2

From 古期英語 -es, from Proto-West Germanic *-as, form Proto-Germanic *-as.

The use of this suffix as a genitive plural is due to the combined influence of its use as a genitive singular and the plural suffix -es.

別の表記

• -s (mostly Late Middle English)
• -is, -ys (Northern, Early Scots); -us (West Midland)

接尾辞

-es

1. Used to form the genitive singular of nouns.
2. Used to form the genitive plural of nouns.

   Synonyms: -ene, -e (both less common)

3. (Early Middle English, rare) Forms the strong genitive singular of adjectives.

使用する際の注意点

• Certain nouns may take no genitive ending, especially z-stems, and in Southern Middle English, nouns derived from Old English feminines; see those nouns' entries for details. Especially in Northern Middle English, there is also a tendency to omit the genitive in nouns denoting people, especially proper names. In some situations it is difficult to determine whether these nouns should be considered an endingless genitive or an nominative/accusative being used attributively.
• Beginning in the last quarter of the 14th century, this suffix comes to follow a noun phrase rather than a single noun in the so-called "group genitive" construction.
• Nouns ending with (nominative/accusative) plural suffixes other than -es tend to avoid taking this ending for the genitive plural: instead, following a Middle English tendency to eliminate case distinctions in the plural, consonant stems undergo umlaut, weak nouns/n-stems take -ene, and z-stems take -re or -rene. Though traces of the modern English pattern where -'s is added after irregular plural forms are visible in late Middle English forms such as childrenes (“children's”) for earlier childrene, the nonattestation of forms such as *fetes (“feet's”) and oxenes (“oxen's”) demonstrates that the reinterpretation of the genitive ending as a clitic is still incomplete by the end of the period.
• Like the plural suffix -es, this suffix may induce alternations in the noun stem or be simplified to -s before polysyllabic nouns and nouns borrowed from French, though these tendencies are relatively circumscribed: certain alternations do not occur with this suffix and it retains its full form more often than the plural suffix.
• In adjectives, this suffix is abandoned from an early stage due to the analogy of the weak declension and other cases, furthermore, the presence of the nominal genitive ending -es rendered it both superfluous and vulnerable to of long-distance haplology.

派生した語

• English: -'s
• Middle Scots: -is, -s
  • Scots: -'s

参照

語源 3

From the 古期英語 adverbial suffix -es, taken from the genitive singular suffix -es due to the analogy of genitive singular forms bearing the suffix used adverbially, although applied indiscriminately to adverbs, prepositions, and nouns which formed the genitive singular differently; see Etymology 2.

別の表記

• -s

接尾辞

-es

1. Forms adverbs from nouns, prepositions, or other adverbs, denoting means, place, or time.

使用する際の注意点

• As adverbs often receive reduced sentence stress, this suffix often takes the form -s even when added to monosyllabic roots; however, these forms tended to alternate with unreduced forms in -es rather than being used exclusively.

派生語

派生した語

• English: -s, -st, -ce (as in once, since)
• Middle Scots: -is, -s
  • Scots: -s, -st, -ce (as in ance/yince)

参照

• “-(e)s, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

語源 4

inherited from Anglian 古期英語 -as (class 2 weak second-person singular), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs, from Proto-Germanic *-ōsi, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yési. Compare the competing second-person singular suffix -est.

In Northumbrian 古期英語, -as was extended to the third-person singular as a semantic loan from Old Norse -ar, -ir, -r, which formed both the second- and third-person singular present indicative. The model provided by the resultant variation in third-person singular forms soon led to -aþ being supplemented by -as in the plural as well, with the innovative forms in /s/ eventually mostly displacing those in /θ/ in Northern 中期英語. However, it is occasionally supposed that the third-person singular and plural are unrelated to the second-person singular, with the former deriving from 古期英語 -aþ (the failure of /θ/ to become /s/ elsewhere is explained by this being a special assimilatory or dissimilatory form that was subsequently generalised) and the latter deriving from the 古期英語 nominative/accusative noun plural -as.

別の表記

• -is, -us, -ys
• -s (especially Late Middle English)

発音

• IPA: /-(ə)s/

接尾辞

-es (especially Northern, North Midland)

1. Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs.
2. Used to form the third-person singular present indicative of verbs.
3. Used to form the plural present indicative of verbs.
4. (Late Middle English) Used to form the first-person singular present indicative of verbs.

使用する際の注意点

• In the plural and first-person singular present indicative, the use of this suffix is often regulated by the Northern Subject Rule: verbs do not take it when they are directly adjacent to the plural personal pronouns we, yow, and þei and first-person singular personal pronoun I/ik respectively.
• In the East and West Ridings of Yorkshire and North Midland Middle English, this suffix competes with -en in the plural present indicative: it is more common in the East and West Ridings, Lancashire, and Lincolnshire, but less common in Cheshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire.
• In the third-person singular present indicative, this suffix gradually penetrates southwards over the course of the Middle English period (replacing -eth), although it does not become usual in the standard language until after the Middle English period.
• The syncopation of this suffix's vowel is especially frequent in Later Middle English and after vowel-final verb stems; only syncopated forms are found in the Early Modern standard.
• Preterite-present verbs usually do not take this suffix, but instead remain endingless in the second-person indicative singular in Northern Middle English; compare Northern Middle English þou may with East Midland Middle English þou mayst.

派生した語

• English: -s (-es after sibilants)
• Middle Scots: -is
  • Scots: -s (-es after sibilants)

参照

語源 5

接尾辞

-es

1. alternative form of -yssh

語源 6

接尾辞

-es

1. alternative form of -esse (-ess)

語源 1

From Proto-Italic *-ēi(s), from Proto-Indo-European *-ḗy, a hysterokinetic *-ey-stem suffix only otherwise found in words like Hittite [script needed] (utnē).

接尾辞

-ēs f (genitive -is); third declension

1. used to form a third-declension feminine abstract noun designating the result of an action from a verb root or conceived root form

   caedō (“to kill or cut”) → caedēs (“slaughter”)

   sedeō (“to sit”) → sēdēs (“seat”)

語形変化

Third-declension noun (i-stem).

Further forms are nom.sg. -is (e.g. caedis, sedis) and gen.pl. -um (e.g. caedum, sedum).

同意語

• -or, -us

派生語

語源 2

From *-h₁i-t-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-, the root of eō, īre (“to go”). Because the nominative singular would regularly have developed to *-is, the attested ending *-es has to be explained as an analogical replacement based on the alternation between -ĕ- in the closed final syllable of the nominative singular and -ĭ- in the open medial syllable of oblique forms that developed regularly in other nouns as a result of the sound change of vowel reduction.

接尾辞

-es m (genitive -itis); third declension

1. used to form third-declension nouns, most of which have senses along the lines of 'one who goes (by)'

   equus (“horse”) → eques (“cavalryman; equestrian; knight”)

語形変化

Third-declension noun.

派生語

語源 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

接尾辞

-ēs

1. second-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)

語源 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

接尾辞

-es

1. nominative/accusative/vocative masculine/feminine plural of -s

参照

短縮形

’e’s

1. Pronunciation spelling of he’s.

   'E's gone 'ome.

アナグラム

• -se, SE, Se., se, se.

名詞

ES (uncountable)

1. Initialism of environmental science.
2. Initialism of emergency services.
3. Initialism of engineering sample.
4. (Philippines) Initialism of elementary school.
5. (Philippines) Initialism of executive secretary.

アナグラム

• -se, SE, Se., se, se.

発音

• IPA: /ɛs/

接頭辞

es-

1. (pharmacology) Used to form names of drugs with a chiral center in the S configuration.

派生語

アナグラム

• -se, SE, Se., se, se.